Building Beautiful Systems with Phoenix Contexts and DDD

Phoenix contexts are a powerful code organization tool - but without a clear idea of what business domains live under the hood of your systems, naively creating contexts leads to over-engineered, fragile systems.

Today, we’ll learn about the philosophical roots of Bounded Contexts from the hard-earned wisdom of Domain-Driven Design. We’ll quickly get our hands dirty in the nuts and bolts of a Context Mapping exercise, a strategic design tool that reveals domain-specific system boundaries. With our newfound architectural vision, we’ll learn how to write context-driven Phoenix code and develop some organizational rules around communication, boundary enforcement and testing between contexts. We’ll leverage the unique powers of Elixir that make this style of architecture so natural and see how using contexts easily leads to highly-cohesive and loosely-coupled outcomes!

Given at Empex LA 2018 on Feb 10, 2018
Given at Elixir Daze 2018 on March 2, 2018

Transcript

1. Building beautiful systems Phoenix Contexts and Domain-Driven Design Andrew Hao @andrewhao bit.ly/phoenix-contexts
2. Hi, I'm Andrew Friendly neighborhood programmer at Carbon Five 2 / 128
3. 3 / 128
4. Axiom #1 Maintaining large systems is dif cult* 4 / 128
5. Axiom #1 Maintaining large systems is dif cult* * like, super mega dif cult 4 / 128
6. Axiom #2 Complex systems are not intentionally messy* 5 / 128
7. Axiom #2 Complex systems are not intentionally messy* * for the most part 5 / 128
8. The bulk of complexity is accidental Let's ship things fast! 6 / 128
9. The bulk of complexity is accidental Let's ship things fast! Death by a thousand cuts 6 / 128
10. The bulk of complexity is accidental Let's ship things fast! Death by a thousand cuts Abstractions that might work for small systems can't scale when the system grows. 6 / 128
11. The solution? Modularization 7 / 128
12. A blast from the past Information hiding D.L. Parnas - "On the Criteria to Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules" 8 / 128
13. 9 / 128
14. "We propose instead that one begins with a list of dif cult design decisions or design decisions which are likely to change. "Each module is then designed to hide such a decision from the others." (Emphasis added) 10 / 128
15. High cohesion Concepts that belong together are likely to change together as a unit 11 / 128
16. Loose coupling Minimal dependencies on external systems Hide implementation details to outside callers 12 / 128
17. Today: We will: Introduce Phoenix contexts Build a Context Map and use it to introduce Domain-Driven Design concepts Apply our learnings with Elixir! 13 / 128
18. Thanks core team! Phoenix Contexts 14 / 128
19. What are contexts? Elixir modules that group system functionality by business domain 15 / 128
20. Follow the scaffold Create a User resource in the Identity context $ mix phx.gen.html Identity User users \ name:string email:string 16 / 128
21. Follow the scaffold Create a User resource in the Identity context $ mix phx.gen.html Identity User users \ name:string email:string 17 / 128
22. Follow the scaffold Create a User resource in the Identity context $ mix phx.gen.html Identity User users \ name:string email:string 18 / 128
23. Follow the scaffold Create a User resource in the Identity context $ mix phx.gen.html Identity User users \ name:string email:string 19 / 128
24. Ecto schema # lib/my_app/identity/user.ex defmodule MyApp.Identity.User do use Ecto.Schema schema "users" do field :name, :string field :email, :string timestamps() end end 20 / 128
25. Domain resource operations in the context # lib/my_app/identity/identity.ex defmodule MyApp.Identity do def get_user!(id), do: ... def create_user(attrs \\ %{}) do: ... def update_user(%User{} = user, attrs) do: ... def delete_user(%User{} = user) do: ... end 21 / 128
26. Web controller for the resource # lib/my_app_web/controllers/user_controller.ex defmodule MyApp.UserController do def index(conn, _params) do users = Identity.list_users() render(conn, "index.html", users: users) end def show(conn, %{"id" => id}) do user = Identity.get_user!(id) render(conn, "show.html", user: user) end end 22 / 128
27. Migration for Ecto persistence defmodule MyApp.Repo.Migrations.CreateUsers do def change do create table(:users) do add :name, :string add :email, :string timestamps() end end end 23 / 128
28. Contexts, the Phoenix way: All web concerns live in MyAppWeb context. 24 / 128
29. Contexts, the Phoenix way: All web concerns live in MyAppWeb context. Contexts encapsulate persistence and domain logic 24 / 128
30. Contexts, the Phoenix way: All web concerns live in MyAppWeb context. Contexts encapsulate persistence and domain logic The outer context module is the public interface to the rest of the app 24 / 128
31. ♂ I have a few questions 25 / 128
32. What should I name the context? 26 / 128
33. How should I think about resources that are needed in multiple contexts? 27 / 128
34. How do I know if it's too broad (coarse) or too speci c ( ne)? 28 / 128
35. Our fundamental question How do we design system boundaries? 29 / 128
36. 30 / 128
37. Domain-Driven Design Authored by Eric Evans in 2003 31 / 128
38. DDD is both: High-level strategic design activities and Concrete software patterns 32 / 128
39. DDD is both: High-level strategic design activities and Concrete software patterns Don't get tripped up! 32 / 128
40. Usually, we reach for Horizontal layers of abstractions Web layer Domain layer Persistence layer Adapters 33 / 128
41. Bigger picture 34 / 128
42. Let's think in terms of Vertically decomposed business use cases 35 / 128
43. Welcome to AutoMaxx! A used-car marketplace Sellers bring their cars in for an inspection and appraisal at our stores, where we buy their vehicle. Interested buyers test drive cars in our lot, purchasing them if they are interested. 36 / 128
44. Your business is constantly changing Marketing wants us to change copy on the web site 37 / 128
45. Your business is constantly changing Marketing wants us to change copy on the web site Finance wants us to change how we do tax calculations on a car sale by region 37 / 128
46. Your business is constantly changing Marketing wants us to change copy on the web site Finance wants us to change how we do tax calculations on a car sale by region Operations wants us to build a new feature in the vehicle inventory system 37 / 128
47. Your business is constantly changing Marketing wants us to change copy on the web site Finance wants us to change how we do tax calculations on a car sale by region Operations wants us to build a new feature in the vehicle inventory system Product has a new initiative to offer purchase transactions in Bitcoin 37 / 128
48. Your business is constantly changing Marketing wants us to change copy on the web site Finance wants us to change how we do tax calculations on a car sale by region Operations wants us to build a new feature in the vehicle inventory system Product has a new initiative to offer purchase transactions in Bitcoin Customer support wants us to build a better support dashboard 37 / 128
49. Listen to the business 38 / 128
50. DDD, summarized Design your software systems according to your business domains by: Paying attention to the language you speak in the business 39 / 128
51. Listen to the business* 40 / 128
52. Listen to the business* *Literally, listen 40 / 128
53. Context mapping An exercise to help us discover all the concepts living in our organization, and our systems. 41 / 128
54. Context Mapping Get everyone in a room Put up on a wall all the: Nouns - entities Verbs - events 42 / 128
55. 43 / 128
56. Context Mapping Group like concepts and actions together. There may be overlaps - that's OK if your concepts belong in multiple groups. More important to just get it down. 44 / 128
57. 45 / 128
58. Context Mapping Take a step back. Natural clusters and groupings should be emerging 46 / 128
59. De nition! Core domain The Core Domain is the primary area of focus of your business 47 / 128
60. De nition! Core domain The Core Domain is the primary area of focus of your business AutoMaxx Core Domain: Car Sales 47 / 128
61. 48 / 128
62. 49 / 128
63. De nition! Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. 50 / 128
64. De nition! Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Online Listings (put the car on the website) 50 / 128
65. De nition! Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Online Listings (put the car on the website) Financial Transactions (charge the buyer, pay the seller) 50 / 128
66. De nition! Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Online Listings (put the car on the website) Financial Transactions (charge the buyer, pay the seller) Optimization & Analytics (track business metrics) 50 / 128
67. De nition! Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Online Listings (put the car on the website) Financial Transactions (charge the buyer, pay the seller) Optimization & Analytics (track business metrics) Customer Support (keep people happy) 50 / 128
68. 51 / 128
69. 52 / 128
70. Take a step back You've discovered your domains! The Context Map points us to our business domains! These may map to real organization structures (Conway's Law) 53 / 128
71. Ubiquitous Language The terms the business speaks within each domain! Put these in a Glossary Speak about them consistently in the team Use terms consistently in the code 54 / 128
72. De nition! Bounded Context Concretely: a software system (like a codebase or running application) Linguistically: a delineation in your domain where concepts are "bounded", or contained 55 / 128
73. For example: A Rating has a speci c meaning in the Inspection subdomain (a vehicle health score) ...but it means something else in the Customer Support subdomain (a customer support experience score) 56 / 128
74. For example: A User in the Identity context is-- A Mechanic in the Inspection context, is-- A Seller or Buyer in the Financial Transaction context 57 / 128
75. Bounded Contexts Precise language, precise models Your domains may now use their own speci c, nuanced terminology. Powerful modeling tool, and keeps your product in sync with the business stakeholders 58 / 128
76. In the I'm Being Serious Department Become Language Addicts Internalize your domain! 59 / 128
77. 60 / 128
78. Elixir time! ♂ 61 / 128
79. Contexts can expose domain entities defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def get_vehicle!() do: ... def list_vehicles() do: ... def update_vehicle() do: ... def get_mechanic!() do: ... #... end 62 / 128
80. Contexts can expose methods that perform domain actions defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def add_vehicle_to_garage_queue(vehicle) do: ... def rate_vehicle(vehicle, mechanic, inspection_rating) do end 63 / 128
81. 64 / 128
82. defmodule AutoMaxx.VehicleInspectionRatingController do def update(conn, %{ user_id: user_id, vehicle_id: vehicle_id, rating: new_rating }) do with user <- Repo.get_by(User, user_id), vehicle <- Repo.get_by(Vehicle, vehicle_id) |> Repo.preload(:rating), :ok <- InspectionRatingPolicy.editable_by?(vehicle, user) do inspection_rating = vehicle.rating |> rating.changeset(%{value: new_rating}) |> Repo.insert!() render(conn, "show.html", inspection_rating: inspection_rating) else render(conn, "error.html", message: "Oops!") end end end 65 / 128
83. defmodule AutoMaxx.VehicleInspectionRatingController do def update(conn, %{ user_id: user_id, vehicle_id: vehicle_id, rating: new_rating }) do with user <- Repo.get_by(User, user_id), vehicle <- Repo.get_by(Vehicle, vehicle_id) |> Repo.preload(:rating), :ok <- InspectionRatingPolicy.editable_by?(vehicle, user) do inspection_rating = vehicle.rating |> rating.changeset(%{value: new_rating}) |> Repo.insert!() render(conn, "show.html", inspection_rating: inspection_rating) else render(conn, "error.html", message: "Oops!") end end end 66 / 128
84. defmodule AutoMaxx.VehicleInspectionRatingController do def update(conn, %{ user_id: user_id, vehicle_id: vehicle_id, rating: new_rating }) do with user <- Repo.get_by(User, user_id), vehicle <- Repo.get_by(Vehicle, vehicle_id) |> Repo.preload(:rating), :ok <- InspectionRatingPolicy.editable_by?(vehicle, user) do inspection_rating = vehicle.rating |> rating.changeset(%{value: new_rating}) |> Repo.insert!() render(conn, "show.html", inspection_rating: inspection_rating) else render(conn, "error.html", message: "Oops!") end end end 67 / 128
85. Move domain entities into the Identity context # lib/automaxx/identity/user.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity.User do schema "users" do: ... end Add domain action to the Identity context API # lib/automaxx/identity/identity.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity do def get_user(user_id) do Repo.get_by(AutoMaxx.Identity.User, id: user_id) end end 68 / 128
86. Move domain entities into the Inspection context # lib/automaxx/inspection/vehicle.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection.Vehicle do schema "vehicles" do belongs_to :owner, AutoMaxx.Identity.User has_one :rating, AutoMaxx.Inspection.Rating end end # lib/automaxx/inspection/rating.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection.Rating do schema "inspection_ratings" do belongs_to :vehicle, AutoMaxx.Inspection.Vehicle belongs_to :rated_by, AutoMaxx.Identity.User end end 69 / 128
87. Add domain action to the Inspection context API defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def rate_vehicle(vehicle, mechanic, inspection_rating) do with :ok <- Inspection.RatingPolicy.editable_by?(vehicle, mechanic) d Repo.get_by(Inspection.Vehicle, vehicle_id) |> Repo.preload(:rating) |> Inspection.Rating.changeset(%{ rated_by: mechanic.id, value: inspection_rating }) |> Repo.insert!() else {:auth_error, "Unauthorized"} end end end 70 / 128
88. Simplify the controller with your new context APIs defmodule AutoMaxx.VehicleInspectionRatingController do def update(conn, %{ user_id: user_id, vehicle_id: vehicle_id, rating: new_rating }) do with user <- Identity.get_user(user_id), vehicle <- Inspection.get_vehicle(vehicle_id), {:ok, rating} <- Inspection.rate_vehicle(vehicle, user, new_rati render(conn, "show.html", inspection_rating: rating) else render(conn, "error.html", message: "Oops!") end end end 71 / 128
89. Way better. 72 / 128
90. What did you notice here? Contexts only expose methods at their outer layer. Contexts hide internal implementations. Use domain language when naming actions, entities and concepts. 73 / 128
91. Concept sharing Or: Double Trouble 74 / 128
92. What happens when we need to use a User in a different context? Identity domain: User Inspection domain: Owner, Mechanic Marketing domain: Visitor 75 / 128
93. A few options: 1. Direct Usage (Do Nothing): Just directly use schemas between contexts 76 / 128
94. Sharing Concepts Direct Usage (Do Nothing) Mix domain models between contexts defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def rate_vehicle(%AutoMaxx.Identity.User{} = user, vehicle, rating) do: ... end Maybe it's OK if you're refactoring, but I discourage this... 77 / 128
95. A few options: 1. Direct Usage (Do Nothing): Just directly use schemas between contexts 2. Struct Conversion: convert to internal concepts at the boundaries with pure structs 78 / 128
96. Sharing Concepts Struct Conversion Convert external concepts to internal concepts Useful for Read-Only use cases 79 / 128
97. Convert a Identity.User to a Marketing.Visitor defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.Visitor do defstruct [:handle, :uuid] end 80 / 128
98. Convert a Identity.User to a Marketing.Visitor defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.Visitor do defstruct [:handle, :uuid] end defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing do def visitor_for_user(%AutoMaxx.Identity.User{} = user) do new_mapping = user |> Map.from_struct() |> Map.delete(:email) |> Map.put(:handle, user.email) struct(AutoMaxx.Marketing.Visitor, new_mapping) end end 81 / 128
99. Convert a Identity.User to a Marketing.Visitor defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.Visitor do defstruct [:handle, :uuid] end defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing do def visitor_for_user(%AutoMaxx.Identity.User{} = user) do new_mapping = user |> Map.from_struct() |> Map.delete(:email) |> Map.put(:handle, user.email) struct(AutoMaxx.Marketing.Visitor, new_mapping) end end 82 / 128
100. defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.EmailSubscriptionController do def create(conn, %{user_id: user_id, payload: payload}) do Identity.get_user(user_id) # Convert the concept at the boundaries |> Marketing.visitor_for_user() # Then proceed to perform the domain action |> Marketing.subscribe_visitor_to_mailchimp(%{payload: payload}) end end 83 / 128
101. defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.EmailSubscriptionController do def create(conn, %{user_id: user_id, payload: payload}) do Identity.get_user(user_id) # Convert the concept at the boundaries |> Marketing.visitor_for_user() # Then proceed to perform the domain action |> Marketing.subscribe_visitor_to_mailchimp(%{payload: payload}) end end 84 / 128
102. defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.EmailSubscriptionController do def create(conn, %{user_id: user_id, payload: payload}) do Identity.get_user(user_id) # Convert the concept at the boundaries |> Marketing.visitor_for_user() # Then proceed to perform the domain action |> Marketing.subscribe_visitor_to_mailchimp(%{payload: payload}) end end 85 / 128
103. defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.EmailSubscriptionController do def create(conn, %{user_id: user_id, payload: payload}) do Identity.get_user(user_id) # Convert the concept at the boundaries |> Marketing.visitor_for_user() # Then proceed to perform the domain action |> Marketing.subscribe_visitor_to_mailchimp(%{payload: payload}) end end 86 / 128
104. Pattern matching and types Strict type guarantees with pattern matching def subscribe_visitor_to_mailchimp(%Visitor{} = visitor) do def visitor_for_user(%User{} = user) do... 87 / 128
105. Pattern matching and types Strict type guarantees with pattern matching def subscribe_visitor_to_mailchimp(%Visitor{} = visitor) do def visitor_for_user(%User{} = user) do... Even better - leverage the powers of typespecs. @spec subscribe_visitor_to_mailchimp(%Visitor{}) :: boolean @spec visitor_for_user(%User{}) :: %Visitor{} 87 / 128
106. A few options: 1. Direct Usage (Do Nothing): Just directly use schemas between contexts 2. Struct Conversion: convert to internal concepts at the boundaries with pure structs 3. Collaborator Schema: Create an internal schema persisted in Ecto that uses a reference to the external schema 88 / 128
107. Sharing Concepts Collaborator Schema Useful for Read+Write use cases 89 / 128
108. Sharing Concepts Collaborator Schema Useful for Read+Write use cases defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection.Mechanic do schema "mechanics" do field :is_contractor, :boolean field :certification, :string belongs_to :user, AutoMaxx.Identity.User end end 89 / 128
109. defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def create_mechanic_from_user( %AutoMaxx.Identity.User{} = user, is_contractor ) do %AutoMaxx.Inspection.Mechanic{ is_contractor: is_contractor, user: user } |> Repo.insert!() end def mechanic_for_user(user) do Repo.get_by(AutoMaxx.Inspection.Mechanic, user_id: user.id) end end 90 / 128
110. Sharing Concepts This is known as an Anti-Corruption Layer 91 / 128
111. Sharing Concepts Avoid cross-context joins if you can defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.Visitor do: schema "marketing_visitors" do: belongs_to :user, AutoMaxx.Identity.User 92 / 128
112. Sharing Concepts Avoid cross-context joins if you can defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.Visitor do: schema "marketing_visitors" do: belongs_to :user, AutoMaxx.Identity.User Instead, store them as external references field :user_id, :string field :user_id, :uuid 92 / 128
113. Aggregates Data that belongs together 93 / 128
114. We belong together! Look for data that naturally falls into groups 94 / 128
115. 95 / 128
116. 96 / 128
117. DON'T defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def get_vehicle() do: # => %Vehicle{} def get_vehicle_rating() do: # => %Rating{} def get_vehicle_list_price() do: # => %ListPrice{} end 97 / 128
118. DON'T defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def get_vehicle() do: # => %Vehicle{} def get_vehicle_rating() do: # => %Rating{} def get_vehicle_list_price() do: # => %ListPrice{} end DO defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def get_vehicle() do: end # => %Vehicle{rating: %Rating{}, list_price: %ListPrice{}} 97 / 128
119. DON'T defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def update_rating(rating_id, new_rating) do... end 98 / 128
120. DON'T defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def update_rating(rating_id, new_rating) do... end DO defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection do def rate_vehicle(vehicle_id, new_rating) do: ... end 98 / 128
121. Leverage Aggregate Roots Expose only Aggregate Roots in your context. Passing Aggregates around simpli es your APIs 99 / 128
122. Event-driven messaging Decouple your contexts even further 100 / 128
123. Where is the coupling here? # lib/automaxx/identity/identity.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity do def create_user(...) do do_create_user() |> AutoMaxx.Inspection.maybe_create_mechanic() |> AutoMaxx.Marketing.subscribe_user_to_email_list() |> AutoMaxx.Analytics.track_event('user_created') end end 101 / 128
124. Where is the coupling here? # lib/automaxx/identity/identity.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity do def create_user(...) do do_create_user() |> AutoMaxx.Inspection.maybe_create_mechanic() |> AutoMaxx.Marketing.subscribe_user_to_email_list() |> AutoMaxx.Analytics.track_event('user_created') end end 102 / 128
125. Where is the coupling here? # lib/automaxx/identity/identity.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity do def create_user(...) do do_create_user() |> AutoMaxx.Inspection.maybe_create_mechanic() |> AutoMaxx.Marketing.subscribe_user_to_email_list() |> AutoMaxx.Analytics.track_event('user_created') end end 103 / 128
126. Where is the coupling here? # lib/automaxx/identity/identity.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity do def create_user(...) do do_create_user() |> AutoMaxx.Inspection.maybe_create_mechanic() |> AutoMaxx.Marketing.subscribe_user_to_email_list() |> AutoMaxx.Analytics.track_event('user_created') end end 104 / 128
127. 105 / 128
128. Publish facts (domain events) over a bus Interested contexts can subscribe to domain events 106 / 128
129. Publish facts (domain events) over a bus Interested contexts can subscribe to domain events Refer back to your Context Map and Glossary where your business stakeholders helped you de ne events! 106 / 128
130. Publisher: Identity context publishes identity.user.created Subscribers: Marketing context puts the user on the email marketing list Inspection context creates a corresponding Mechanic if the user is one Analytics context publishes metric to Google Analytics 107 / 128
131. 108 / 128
132. Using the event_bus library Github: otobus/event_bus Or any other system that gives you pub/sub capabilities 109 / 128
133. # lib/automaxx/identity/identity.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity do def create_user(...) do do_create_user() |> publish_event(:"identity.user.created") end use EventBus.EventSource defp publish_event(%User{} = user, event_name) do EventSource.notify %{id: UUID.uuid4(), topic: event_name} do %{user: user} end end end 110 / 128
134. # lib/automaxx/identity/identity.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Identity do def create_user(...) do do_create_user() |> publish_event(:"identity.user.created") end use EventBus.EventSource defp publish_event(%User{} = user, event_name) do EventSource.notify %{id: UUID.uuid4(), topic: event_name} do %{user: user} end end end 111 / 128
135. In each context, create an EventHandler module. # lib/automaxx/marketing/event_handler.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.EventHandler do def process({:"identity.user.created" = event_name, event_id}) do %{data: %{user: user}} = EventBus.fetch_event({event_name, event_id}) AutoMaxx.Marketing.subscribe_user_to_email_list(user) end def process({:"some.other.event" = event_name, event_id}) do: ... end 112 / 128
136. In each context, create an EventHandler module. # lib/automaxx/marketing/event_handler.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Marketing.EventHandler do def process({:"identity.user.created" = event_name, event_id}) do %{data: %{user: user}} = EventBus.fetch_event({event_name, event_id}) AutoMaxx.Marketing.subscribe_user_to_email_list(user) end def process({:"some.other.event" = event_name, event_id}) do: ... end 113 / 128
137. # lib/automaxx/inspection/event_handler.ex defmodule AutoMaxx.Inspection.EventHandler do def process({:"identity.user.created" = event_name, event_id}) do %{data: %{user: user}} = EventBus.fetch_event({event_name, event_id}) AutoMaxx.Inspection.create_mechanic_from_user(user) end def process({:"yet.another.event" = event_name, event_id}) do: ... end 114 / 128
138. Caveats! 115 / 128
139. Caveats Start small Don't overdo it. Refactor things into one context at a time. 116 / 128
140. Caveats DDD concepts rst, then patterns Start with the Context Map. Make sure you understand the core concepts about linguistic clarity. Keep the team and the code speaking the same language! 117 / 128
141. Caveats For systems of a certain scale If you have a small-scale system, this might be overkill! 118 / 128
142. In conclusion 119 / 128
143. Listen to the business (Build a Context Map and a Glossary) 120 / 128
144. Strict boundaries Hide internal details behind a context 121 / 128
145. Linguistic precision & domain clarity Embrace the nuances of our domain models 122 / 128
146. Practical architecture tools Concept sharing & anti-corruption layers Ship aggregates around between contexts Use an event bus 123 / 128
147. Used the full power of the BEAM Lean on message passing, OTP, pattern matching and typespecs 124 / 128
148. That's what I think makes beautiful systems 125 / 128
149. Thanks! Github: andrewhao Twitter: @andrewhao Email: andrew@carbon ve.com
150. Credits & Prior Art Evans, Eric. Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software. Gorodinski, Lev. "Sub-domains and Bounded Contexts in Domain-Driven Design (DDD)". Hagemann, Stephan. Component-Based Rails Applications. Parnas, D.L. "On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules". Vernon, Vaughan. Implementing Domain-Driven Design. 127 / 128
151. Credits & Prior Art W. P. Stevens ; G. J. Myers ; L. L. Constantine. "Structured Design" - IBM Systems Journal, Vol 13 Issue 2, 1974. Steinegger, Giessler, Hippchen, Abeck. Overview of a Domain-Driven Design Approach to Build Microservice-Based Applications Rob Martin - Perhap: Applying DDD and Reactive Architectures: https://www.youtube.com/watch? list=PLqj39LCvnOWZMVugtyKlHMF1o2zPNntFL&time_continue=5&v=kq4qT c 128 / 128