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Highly Cohesive, Loosely Coupled (& Very Awesome)

Andrew Hao
February 15, 2017

Highly Cohesive, Loosely Coupled (& Very Awesome)

Designing Rails apps at scale sometimes hurts. Codebases grow out of control, and we lack the architectural patterns to control the chaos. Luckily, we have the powers Domain-Driven Design at our disposal.

With the use of tools like Context Mapping, we'll learn how to map the problem space of our large Rails apps, learn where to draw boundaries in our apps, and do a very simple Cool Trick to organize our apps for higher cohesion.

Given at Fog City Ruby, February 2017

Andrew Hao

February 15, 2017
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Transcript

  1. Let's imagine tonight We work at a hot new startup:

    Delorean. The Uber for time-travel!
  2. But the code is a mess! As systems grow, they

    naturally want to fall into disarray...
  3. The evolution of a feature Feature: As a passenger, I

    want to hail a Delorean So I can travel in time!
  4. class TripsController def create passenger = Passenger.find(params[:passenger_id]) driver = Driver.where(

    available: true, longitude: params[:longitude], latitude: params[:latitude] ).first driver.send_to!(passenger) end end
  5. The evolution of a feature Feature: As a passenger, I

    want to hail a Delorean So I can travel in time! ...and my credit card will be charged
  6. class TripsController def create passenger = Passenger.find(params[:passenger_id]) driver = Driver.where(

    available: true, longitude: params[:longitude], latitude: params[:latitude] ).first BraintreeService.charge(passenger) driver.send_to!(passenger) end end
  7. The evolution of a feature Feature: As a passenger, I

    want to hail a Delorean So I can travel in time! ...and my credit card will be charged ...and the system should log the event to Google Analytics
  8. class TripsController def create passenger = Passenger.find(params[:passenger_id]) driver = Driver.where(

    available: true, longitude: params[:longitude], latitude: params[:latitude] ).first BraintreeService.charge(passenger) AnalyticsService.log_ride_created! driver.send_to!(passenger) end end
  9. The evolution of a feature Feature: As a passenger, I

    want to hail a Delorean So I can travel in time! ...and my credit card will be charged ...and the system should log the event to Google Analytics ...and we should totally also do food delivery
  10. class TripsController def create passenger = Passenger.find(params[:passenger_id]) is_food = params[:ride_type]

    == 'food' driver = Driver.where( can_food_delivery: is_food, # ... ).first restaurant = Restaurant.find_by(meal_type: params[:m BraintreeService.charge(passenger) AnalyticsService.log_ride_created! driver.itinerary.add(restaurant) driver.itinerary.add(passenger) end end
  11. Code clutter in Rails As the monolith grows, feature code

    is scattered across the app. app/ controllers/trips_controller.rb models/trip.rb helpers/trip_helper.rb services/calculate_trip_cost.rb
  12. Code clutter in Rails As the monolith grows, feature code

    is scattered across the app. app/ controllers/restaurants_controller.rb models/restaurant.rb models/meal.rb helpers/restaurant_helper.rb services/calculate_meal_cost.rb
  13. Code clutter in Rails As the monolith grows, feature code

    is scattered across the app. app/ controllers/puppy_deliveries_controller.rb models/puppy_delivery.rb models/animal_shelter.rb
  14. So here we are... The code is tangled & dif

    cult to change Regressions are common Features take forever to build & release
  15. Highly cohesive Elements of a module are strongly related to

    each other Near each other, are easily accessible.
  16. Loosely coupled Modules minimize their dependencies so that they are

    easily modi able Can evolve independently of other modules in the system
  17. Introducing Domain-Driven Design DDD is both a set of high-level

    design activities and speci c software patterns
  18. Our goals tonight Visualize our system from a domain perspective.

    ✏ Learn insights to draw boundaries in our code!
  19. Our goals tonight Visualize our system from a domain perspective.

    ✏ Learn insights to draw boundaries in our code! Do a little bit of refactoring.
  20. Apply It! ⚡ Step 1: Visualize Your System Let's generate

    an ERD diagram! I like to generate mine with a gem like railroady or rails-erd If you have multiple systems, do this for each system.
  21. Core domain The Core Domain is the thing that your

    business does that makes it unique.
  22. Core domain The Core Domain is the thing that your

    business does that makes it unique. Delorean Core Domain: Transportation
  23. Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas

    of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen.
  24. Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas

    of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Delorean Supporting Domains: Driver Routing (route me from X to Y)
  25. Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas

    of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Delorean Supporting Domains: Driver Routing (route me from X to Y) Noti cations (push noti cations)
  26. Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas

    of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Delorean Supporting Domains: Driver Routing (route me from X to Y) Noti cations (push noti cations) Financial Transactions (charge the card)
  27. Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas

    of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Delorean Supporting Domains: Driver Routing (route me from X to Y) Noti cations (push noti cations) Financial Transactions (charge the card) Product Analytics (track business metrics)
  28. Supporting domains A Supporting Domain (or Subdomain) are the areas

    of the business that play roles in making the Core Domain happen. Delorean Supporting Domains: Driver Routing (route me from X to Y) Noti cations (push noti cations) Financial Transactions (charge the card) Product Analytics (track business metrics) Customer Support (keep people happy)
  29. Apply It! ⚡ Step 2: Draw domains on your diagram

    Overlay your domains on top of the ERD diagram You might discover some domains you never even thought you had!
  30. Bounded Contexts A Bounded Context is: Concretely: a software system

    (like a codebase) Linguistically: a delineation in your domain where concepts are "bounded", or contained
  31. Apply It! ⚡ Step 3: Overlay your bounded contexts Next

    up - with a different color pen or marker, draw lines around system boundaries / bounded contexts.
  32. Apply It! ⚡ Step 3: Overlay your bounded contexts Next

    up - with a different color pen or marker, draw lines around system boundaries / bounded contexts. You may also nd other system boundaries like: External cloud providers Other teams' services or systems
  33. Congrats! You just made a Context Map! A Context Map

    gives us a place to see the current system as-is (the problem space), the strategic domains, and their dependencies.
  34. Making sense of the Context Map We may notice a

    few things: One bounded context contains multiple sub-(supporting) domains
  35. Making sense of the Context Map We may notice a

    few things: One bounded context contains multiple sub-(supporting) domains Multiple bounded contexts are required to support a single domain
  36. Increased cohesion! We just found the areas where code "naturally"

    ts together, because they are serving the same business goal.
  37. Apply It! ⚡ Break your application into domain modules Incremental

    refactoring, using Ruby Modules to lead the way!
  38. class Trip < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :vehicle belongs_to :passenger belongs_to :driver

    end class TripsController < ApplicationController # ... end
  39. module Ridesharing class Trip < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :vehicle belongs_to :passenger

    belongs_to :driver end end module Ridesharing class TripsController < ApplicationController # ... end end
  40. class PaymentConfirmation belongs_to :trip, class_name: Ridesharing::Trip belongs_to :passenger, class_name: Ridesharing::Passen

    belongs_to :credit_card has_many :menu_items belongs_to :coupon_code has_one :retriable_email_job # ad infinitum... end
  41. Aggregate Roots Aggregate Roots are top-level domain models that reveal

    an object graph of related entities beneath them.
  42. Aggregate Roots Aggregate Roots are top-level domain models that reveal

    an object graph of related entities beneath them. Can be considered a Facade
  43. Decrease coupling by only exposing aggregate roots Make it a

    rule in your system that you may only access another domain's Aggregate Root.
  44. Decrease coupling by only exposing aggregate roots Make it a

    rule in your system that you may only access another domain's Aggregate Root. Internally, it's OK to reach for whatever you need.
  45. Make service objects that provide Aggregate Roots Your source domain

    can provide a service (Adapter) that returns the Aggregate Root
  46. module Ridesharing class FetchTrip def call(id) Trip .includes(:passenger, :trip, ...)

    .find(id) # Alternatively, return something custom # OpenStruct.new(trip: Trip.find(id), ...) end end end
  47. class PaymentConfirmation def trip # Returns the Trip aggregate root

    Ridesharing::FetchTrip.new.find(payment_id) end end # OLD: payment_confirmation.passenger # NEW: payment_confirmation.trip.passenger
  48. Decrease coupling by publishing events for async dependencies Domains that

    only need unidirectional data ow work well here!
  49. Just send an event notifying the outside world! Instead of

    needing to know about the outside world, we simply publish an event.
  50. # Old way class TripController def create # ... ReallySpecificGoogleAnalyticsThing

    .tag_manager_logging('trip_created', ENV['GA_ID'], trip) end end
  51. Conway's Law and DDD Conway's Law, paraphrased: "Software systems tend

    to look like the organizations that produce them"
  52. Conway's Law and DDD Conway's Law, paraphrased: "Software systems tend

    to look like the organizations that produce them" DDD modeling oftentimes reveals domains that follow organizational layouts. Your software systems follow organizational optimizations.
  53. Conway's Law and DDD Conway's Law, paraphrased: "Software systems tend

    to look like the organizations that produce them" DDD modeling oftentimes reveals domains that follow organizational layouts. Your software systems follow organizational optimizations. Thus this is a very natural place to draw a seam!
  54. Warning: Limitations apply! Don't try to do this on every

    project! I've been guilty of overdesigning.
  55. Warning: Limitations apply! Don't try to do this on every

    project! I've been guilty of overdesigning. Try it out, step by step
  56. Warning: Limitations apply! Don't try to do this on every

    project! I've been guilty of overdesigning. Try it out, step by step Back it out if this doesn't " t"
  57. What we did tonight Visualized our system with a Context

    Map ✏ Drew boundaries in our code! Do a little bit of refactoring with domain modules, Aggregate Roots and Domain Events.
  58. Prior Art W. P. Stevens ; G. J. Myers ;

    L. L. Constantine. "Structured Design" - IBM Systems Journal, Vol 13 Issue 2, 1974 Evans, Eric. Domain Driven Design Vernon, Vaughan. Implementing Domain-Driven Design http://www.win.tue.nl/~wstomv/quotes/structured- design.html#6 https://www.infoq.com/articles/ddd-contextmapping http://gorodinski.com/blog/2013/04/29/sub-domains-and- bounded-contexts-in-domain-driven-design-ddd/