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Functional Web Apps with Webmachine

Functional Web Apps with Webmachine

BOBkonf, 2015
Berlin, Germany
Tutorial

Christopher Meiklejohn

January 23, 2015
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  1. HTTP Facts: Resources •Data or Service •Identified by URI •Decorated

    by representations and other properties/variances
  2. f(ReqData,State) -> {RetV,ReqData,State}. function 
 behavior request/
 response data resource


    state Resource functions are referentially transparent 
 and have a uniform interface.
 
 Many resource functions are optional and use reasonable defaults. + +
  3. f(ReqData,State) -> {RetV,ReqData,State}. function 
 behavior request/
 response data resource


    state Resource functions are referentially transparent 
 and have a uniform interface.
 
 Many resource functions are optional and use reasonable defaults. + +
  4. f(ReqData,State) -> {RetV,ReqData,State}. function 
 behavior request/
 response data resource


    state Resource functions are referentially transparent 
 and have a uniform interface.
 
 Many resource functions are optional and use reasonable defaults. + +
  5. f(ReqData,State) -> {RetV,ReqData,State}. function 
 behavior request/
 response data resource


    state Resource functions are referentially transparent 
 and have a uniform interface.
 
 Many resource functions are optional and use reasonable defaults. + +
  6. $ make $ ./start.sh $ $BROWSER http://localhost:8080 Build & Run

    Also Heroku compatible!
 (use foreman start)
  7. •Use the resource state as the body, setting it in

    init/1 •Put the value of the Host request header inside the response body using an iolist() and:
 wrq:get_req_header(Key, ReqData)
 
 * Hint: header keys are lowercase strings Exercises
  8. UI Skeleton <Ctrl-C> a # if still running $ git

    checkout -f assets
 $ make; ./start.sh $ $BROWSER http://localhost:8080
  9. Load Tweets in UI <Ctrl-C> a # if still running

    $ git checkout -f load-tweets
 $ make; ./start.sh <refresh browser>
  10. %% default implementation
 content_types_provided(ReqData, State) -> {[{"text/html", to_html}], ReqData, State}.

    %% As many types as you want! content_types_provided(ReqData, State) -> {[{"text/html", to_html}, {"application/json", to_json}, {"text/xml", to_xml}], ReqData, State}. media type body-producer function Media-types callback
  11. %% tweeter_wm_tweet_resource.erl routes() -> [{["tweets"], ?MODULE, []}]. %% tweeter_wm_asset_resource.erl routes()

    -> [{[""], ?MODULE, []}, {['*'], ?MODULE, []}]. Dispatching matches any number of segments
  12. %% tweeter_wm_tweet_resource.erl routes() -> [{["tweets"], ?MODULE, []}]. %% tweeter_wm_asset_resource.erl routes()

    -> [{[""], ?MODULE, []}, {['*'], ?MODULE, []}]. Dispatching path segments matches any number of segments
  13. %% tweeter_wm_tweet_resource.erl routes() -> [{["tweets"], ?MODULE, []}]. %% tweeter_wm_asset_resource.erl routes()

    -> [{[""], ?MODULE, []}, {['*'], ?MODULE, []}]. Dispatching path segments resource module matches any number of segments
  14. %% tweeter_wm_tweet_resource.erl routes() -> [{["tweets"], ?MODULE, []}]. %% tweeter_wm_asset_resource.erl routes()

    -> [{[""], ?MODULE, []}, {['*'], ?MODULE, []}]. Dispatching path segments resource module args to init/1 matches any number of segments
  15. %% tweeter_wm_tweet_resource.erl routes() -> [{["tweets"], ?MODULE, []}]. %% tweeter_wm_asset_resource.erl routes()

    -> [{[""], ?MODULE, []}, {['*'], ?MODULE, []}]. Dispatching path segments resource module args to init/1 matches any number of segments The dispatch list is set before starting up the server in tweeter_sup.
  16. %% definition -record(context, {tweet, tweets}). %% construction #context{}. %% {context,

    undefined, undefined} #context{tweets=[a,b,c]}. %% {context, undefined, [a,b,c]} %% pattern-matching and destructuring #context{tweets=Tweets} = Context. %% {context, _, Tweets} = Context. Tweets = Context#context.tweets. %% Tweets = element(3,Context). %% modification NewContext = Context#context{tweet="foo"}. %% NewContext = setelement(1, Context, "foo"). Records
  17. %% create a table {ok, TableID} = ets:new(table, [set]). %%

    make it public, multi-reader/writer {ok, TableID} = ets:new(table, [set, public, named_table, {read_concurrency, true}, {write_concurrency, true}]). %% read (lookup by key) ets:lookup(TableID, a). %% write ets:insert(TableID, {foo, bar}). %% query with abstract patterns ets:match(TableID, {'$1', bar}). ETS
  18. •Use curl to GET /tweets •Change the Accept header (-H

    option) to exclude application/json, compare the response. •Add the application/x-erlang-binary format to the resource. Use term_to_binary/1 to generate the body. Exercises
  19. Unique Tweet URLs <Ctrl-C> a # if still running $

    git checkout -f tweet-urls
 $ make; ./start.sh
  20. Resource exists? 404 Not Found Redirection Creation 200 OK Condition

    validation Deletion
 Update / replace Usually used for fetching the internal representation of the resource. { {
  21. %% default implementation
 resource_exists(ReqData, State) -> {true, ReqData, State}. %%

    Dispatch rule that binds a path segment 
 %% to the atom ‘key’ routes() -> [{["data", key], ?MODULE, []}]. %% Do a query to get the data using the 
 %% bound dispatch path segment resource_exists(ReqData, State) -> Key = wrq:path_info(key, ReqData), case query_storage(Key) of undefined -> {false, ReqData, State}; Value -> {true, ReqData, State#state{data=Value}} end. resource_exists
  22. Exercises •Find the identifier of a tweet in the JSON,

    request the composite URL with curl. •Use curl to request a tweet that doesn’t exist.
  23. Creating Resources: PUT vs. POST Idempotent Client-specified URI 204 No

    Content Non-Idempotent Server-generated URI 201 Created
  24. POSTing Resources 1.Allow the POST method 2.Specify that POST creates

    new resources 3.Generate a URL for the new resource 4.Accept the request body
  25. %% 1. Allow the POST method %% Default is ['HEAD',

    'GET'] allowed_methods(ReqData, Context) -> {['HEAD', 'GET', 'POST'], ReqData, Context}. %% 2. Specify that POST creates new resources %% Default is false post_is_create(ReqData, Context) -> {true, ReqData, Context}. %% 3. Generate a URL for the new resource create_path(ReqData, Context) -> NewID = ets:update_counter(table, curr_id, {2, 1}), {"/steps/" ++ integer_to_list(NewID), ReqData, Context#context{id=NewID}}. Steps 1-3
  26. %% 4. Accept the request body %% 4a. Specify the

    acceptable media types content_types_accepted(ReqData, Context) -> {[{"application/json", accept_json}], ReqData, Context}. %% 4b. Accept the negotiated type accept_json(ReqData, Context) -> Body = wrq:req_body(), {struct, Props} = mochijson2:decode(Body), ok = store(Context#context.id, Props), {true, ReqData, Context}. Step 4
  27. •Use the browser UI to post tweets •Post a tweet

    using curl... •Sending a JSON body •Sending a non-JSON body
 
 *Hint: use -H and Content-Type Exercises
  28. %% Before to_text(ReqData, Context) -> {"Hello, world!", ReqData, Context}. %%

    After to_text(ReqData, Context) -> {{stream, {<<>>, fun stream/0}}, ReqData, Context}. %% Stream response as a "lazy sequence", with the %% Webmachine process waiting on messages. stream() -> receive {chat, Message} -> {[Message, "\n"], fun stream/0}; quit -> {<<>>, done} end. Streaming Responses
  29. %% Create a process group ok = pg2:create(chat). %% Get

    members of the process group Members = pg2:get_members(chat). %% Join the process group pg2:join(chat, self()). %% Send a message to all members [Member ! {chat, Msg} || Member <- Members]. OTP: Process Groups
  30. •Find the bug in the streaming response and fix it.


    *Hint: http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html •Add a new streaming response that uses HTML5 text/event-stream instead of multipart/mixed.
 Exercises
  31. HTTP Caching •Expiration: Cache-Control + max-age (TTL), Expires (Date) •Validation:

    ETag, Last-Modified, If-* •304 Not Modified •Computing ETag and Last-Modified should be cheap
  32. %% Default is undefined, i.e. no ETag %% Compute some

    hash, convert it to a hex string generate_etag(ReqData, Context) -> ETag = mochihex:to_hex(erlang:phash2(Context)), {ETag, ReqData, Context}. %% Default is undefined, i.e. no timestamp %% Return some {{Y,M,D},{H,M,S}} tuple: last_modified(ReqData, Context) -> {ok, #file_info{mtime=Date}} = file:read_file_info("somefile"), {Date, ReqData, Context}. generate_etag & last_modified
  33. •Fetch the tweets with curl, copy the ETag from response,

    fetch again with
 If-None-Match header. •Add a tweet via the UI, send same curl request as last step. •Add a last_modified callback, using ID of the latest tweet as the timestamp. Exercises
  34. erlydtl •Resembles Django’s template language •Compiles the template into an

    Erlang module •templates/foo.dtl -> foo_dtl module
  35. %% Defaults to true %% If unauthorized, return a challenge

    string for 401 is_authorized(ReqData, Context) -> Auth = wrq:get_req_header("authorization", ReqData), case check_auth(Auth) of true -> {true, ReqData, Context}; false -> {"Basic realm=\"Webmachine\"", ReqData, Context} end. %% Defaults to false, return true for 403 forbidden(ReqData, Context) -> {true, ReqData, Context}. is_authorized & forbidden
  36. •Modify the CSRF protection to protect DELETE requests. •Attempt to

    launch a CSRF attack to create a tweet! Exercises
  37. Dialyzer •Erlang is dynamically-typed, but most functions have specific parameter

    and return types. •Many bugs can be found by static analysis using Dialyzer. •Annotations are also documentation.
  38. Exercises •Run dialyzer using the make target. •Break a function’s

    types, compile, and see if dialyzer will catch it.
  39. %% Initialize the resource, but enable tracing. init([]) -> wmtrace_resource:add_dispatch_rule("wmtrace",

    "/tmp"), {{trace, "/tmp"}, #context{}}. Enabling tracing trace storage enable the trace resource
  40. Asset Resource •Catch-all dispatch rule •Renders erlydtl template •ETag &

    Last-Modified •Checks file existence •Infers media type from file •Adds CSRF token/cookie