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Root Knot Nematode Comparative Genomics

Dave Lunt
April 03, 2017

Root Knot Nematode Comparative Genomics

Dave Lunt

April 03, 2017
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  1. ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION, DIVERSITY AND THREAT EVOHULL:

    EVOLUTIONARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GENOMICS UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UK @davelunt [email protected] davelunt.net Dr Dave Lunt
  2. EVOHULL: EVOLUTIONARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GENOMICS UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UK @davelunt

    [email protected] davelunt.net Dr Dave Lunt invasive species ecological networks in forestry and agriculture biomonitoring bioinformatics metabarcoding genomics phylogenetics apomixis and breeding systems environmental DNA
  3. ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION, DIVERSITY AND THREAT EVOHULL:

    EVOLUTIONARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GENOMICS UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UK @davelunt [email protected] davelunt.net Dr Dave Lunt
  4. NERC, AFRICA GOMEZ, CHARLES OPPERMAN, DAVID BIRD, ETIENNE DANCHIN, PHILIPPE

    CASTAGNONE- SERENO, BOB ROBBINS, PABLO CASTILLO & MANY MANY OTHERS @davelunt [email protected] data accession: PRJNA340324 Amir Szitenberg & Laura Salazar have carried out much of this work AMIR SZITENBERG, LAURA SALAZAR, VIVIAN BLOK, SOUMI JOSEPH, DOMINIK LAETSCH, VALERIE WILLIAMSON, MARK BLAXTER, DAVE LUNT THANKS images: Wikipedia, JD Eisenback, et al
  5. Bear garlic Allium ursinum 31.5 GB genome Chives, Allium schoenoprasum

    7 GB genome Ricroch et al. Evolution of genome size across some cultivated Allium species. Genome. 2005;48: 511–520. doi:10.1139/g05-017 1/4.5
  6. MOSTLY TRANSPOSONS, REPEATS, AND SEQUENCES OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN WHAT’S IN

    A GENOME? BUT WHY? onion, Allium cepa 15 GB genome human, Homo sapiens 3 GB genome
  7. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN THE NEMATODA 42 GENOMES 500 MILLION YEARS

    OF EVOLUTION Szitenberg et al Genome Biology & Evolution 2016 doi:10.1093/gbe/evw208
  8. Szitenberg et al Genome Biology & Evolution 2016 doi:10.1093/gbe/evw208 DNA

    TEs LTRs transposons 500 million years of evolution 42 genomes 13 NEMATODE TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS FOLLOW PHYLOGENY THE GENOMIC TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT LOAD IS EXPLAINED BY PHYLOGENY NOT BREEDING SYSTEM
  9. GLOBALLY IMPORTANT CROP PESTS ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES genus Meloidogyne ENORMOUS PLANT

    HOST RANGE ~5% WORLD AGRICULTURE? ALL MAJOR CROPS SPECIES 15
  10. WIDE VARIETY OF REPRODUCTIVE MODES IN SINGLE GENUS ▸ Asexual

    (mitotic) ▸ mitotic parthenogenesis- apomixis ▸ no meiosis or exchange ▸ Sexual (meiotic) ▸ meiotic parthenogenesis- automixis ▸ outbreeding sexuality- amphimixis ▸ meiosis and genetic exchange 17 RKN juveniles
  11. 18 RKN female SEM overlaid with juveniles WIDE VARIETY OF

    REPRODUCTIVE MODES IN SINGLE GENUS 18S structural alignment ML tree Reproductive mode changes frequently within the genus
  12. 19 RKN female SEM overlaid with juveniles WIDE VARIETY OF

    REPRODUCTIVE MODES IN SINGLE GENUS Janssen et al 2017 Fig 7. Majority rule consensus tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190
  13. 20 RKN female SEM overlaid with juveniles WIDE VARIETY OF

    REPRODUCTIVE MODES IN SINGLE GENUS Janssen et al 2017 Fig 7. Majority rule consensus tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190 THE GENUS HAS >6 TRANSITIONS TO MITOTIC PARTHENOGENESIS LOSS OF SEX/MEIOSIS FACULTATIVE MEIOTIC PARTHENOGENESIS (AUTOMIXIS) AND SEXUALITY (AMPHIMIXIS)
  14. 21 RKN female SEM overlaid with juveniles TAXONOMY AND CROP

    DAMAGE: THE TROPICAL APOMICTS Janssen et al 2017 Fig 7. Majority rule consensus tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190
  15. 22 RKN female SEM overlaid with juveniles TAXONOMY AND CROP

    DAMAGE: THE TROPICAL APOMICTS Janssen et al 2017 Fig 7. Majority rule consensus tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190
  16. 23 RKN female SEM overlaid with juveniles TAXONOMY AND CROP

    DAMAGE: THE TROPICAL APOMICTS Janssen et al 2017 Fig 7. Majority rule consensus tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190
  17. 24 ALL APOMICTS EXCEPT M. FLORIDENSIS Janssen et al 2017

    Fig 7. Majority rule consensus tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190 These are the tropical root-knot nematodes, causing major economic loss
  18. 25 Janssen et al 2017 Fig 7. Majority rule consensus

    tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190 These are the tropical root-knot nematodes, causing major economic loss THE MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA GROUP THE MIG OUTGROUP
  19. 26 Janssen et al 2017 Fig 7. Majority rule consensus

    tree based on 18S ribosomal rDNA sequences with karyology doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172190 These are the tropical root-knot nematodes, causing major economic loss THE MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA GROUP THE MIG OUTGROUP We have genome sequenced 19 new genomes
  20. MIG GENOMES ARE HYBRID, COMPLEX, AND CONTAIN TWO GENOMIC COPIES

    UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITY WILL INFORM BIOLOGY AND CONTROL Lunt et al. 2014 The complex hybrid origins of the root knot nematodes revealed through comparative genomics. doi:10.7717/peerj.356
  21. Apomicts M. floridensis M. hapla M. chitwoodi M. incognita M.

    javanica M. arenaria INTRA-GENOMIC BLAST ANALYSIS 32
  22. MOST MIG GENOMES HAVE A MIX OF DIVERGENT AND HOMOZYGOUS

    REGIONS Number of Orthology Groups M. incognita M. javanica M. arenaria M. floridensis Copies per genome has mostly lost the divergent second genome copy 33
  23. PHYLOGENOMICS OF 2 DIVERGENT GENOME COPIES 533 Ortholog CDS supermatrix

    ML tree RAxML Single origin of 2 genome copies predating speciation Phylogeny in each genome copy A/B is identical M. incognita M. javanica M. arenaria M. floridensis colours are different species not reproductive system B A 34
  24. 36 VERY LITTLE GENETIC DIVERGENCE GLOBALLY M. floridensis M. incognita

    M. arenaria M. javanica Libya USA French West Indies Ivory Coast USA Morocco French West Indies USA ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES LIKELY SPREAD WITH MODERN AGRICULTURE
  25. ADAPTATION TO AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ONCE THOUGHT THAT HYBRID SPECIATION WAS

    RARE AND INCONSEQUENTIAL IN ANIMALS Heliconius Lake Malawi Polar and brown GENOME BIOLOGY IS REVEALING A VERY DIFFERENT VIEW HYBRID SPECIATION IN MELOIDOGYNE?
  26. ADAPTATION TO AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT PREVIOUS WORK SUGGESTS INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION MAY

    BE INVOLVED WITH MELOIDOGYNE ASEXUAL SPECIES Heliconius butterflies Lake Malawi cichlids Root knot nematodes? HYBRID SPECIATION IN MELOIDOGYNE? Lunt et al. 2014 The complex hybrid origins of the root knot nematodes revealed through comparative genomics. doi:10.7717/peerj.356
  27. X parent 1 parent 2 hybrid offspring phenotypic variation parental

    phenotypic variation TRANSGRESSIVE SEGREGATION phenotype could be anything, including nematode host-range is greater than sum of parental variation Transgressive segregation is when the absolute values of traits in some hybrids exceed the trait variation shown by either parental lineage small big very small very big 40
  28. THE APOMICTS ARE HYPO-TRIPLOID SOME REGIONS OF THE APOMICTS ARE

    PRESENT IN 3 COPIES A1,A2,B hypo-triploid = not full triploid, some parts of genome are diploid
  29. 42 TROPICAL APOMICTS ARE HYPO-TRIPLOIDS hypo-triploid = not full triploid,

    some parts of genome are diploid copy A1 copy B copy A2 copy number 1 2 A1-A2 are ~100% identical to each other copy A copy B copy number 1 2 3% divergence in protein coding regions illustration of diversity at each diploid locus Some loci are diploid A,B, some triploid A1,A2,B illustration of diversity at each triploid locus
  30. TROPICAL APOMICTS ARE HYPO-TRIPLOIDS read depth analysis demonstrates hypo-triploidy illustration

    of diversity at each triploid locus not all loci are triploid, diploid loci add to read depth 100 peak many loci have read depth 100 some loci have read depth 200 A1 + A2 from high quality PacBio genome copy A1 copy B copy A2 copy number 1 2 sequence read depth A + B
  31. GENE CONVERSION IS AN IMPORTANT FORCE SHAPING THE APOMICT GENOMES

    THERE IS EVIDENCE OF GENE CONVERSION BUT NOT HOMOLOGOUS-EXCHANGE RECOMBINATION
  32. 45 NO EVIDENCE OF RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE AMONG APOMICTS GENE CONVERSION

    IS EVIDENT RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE GENE CONVERSION A1 B A2 A1 B A2 Identical & no recombination detectable B A1 A2 or
  33. SUMMARY 46 GENOMES CONTAIN DIVERGENT A AND B COPIES MIG

    APOMICTS ARE HYPOTRIPLOID A AND B DIVERGED BEFORE MIG SPECIES GENE CONVERSION IS A POWERFUL FORCE MIG ARE DIVERGENT DUE TO MUCH MORE THAN SIMPLE MUTATION NUCLEAR GENOME RESOLVES PHYLOGENY
  34. FUTURE QUESTIONS 47 CAN WE LOCATE FUNCTIONAL LOCI FOR VIRULENCE

    AVIRULENCE? WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE ADAPTIVE VARIATION? HAVE MIG OUTRUN THEIR PATHOGENS? DO GENOME COPIES FULFIL THE SAME ROLES?
  35. FUTURE ACTIONS BROADEN THE NUMBER OF SPECIES SAMPLED METADATA COLLECTION

    WITH GENOMES INDUSTRIAL AND ACADEMIC COLLABORATION CHARACTERISE MUCH MORE GENOMIC INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION 50 WHAT IF….
  36. WHAT IF BOTH CROP ISOLATE AND NEMATODE RACE GENOMES WERE

    KNOWN? By Mason Masteka - originally posted to Flickr as End of Summer Tomatoes, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11444911
  37. WHAT IF WE COULD MOVE FROM SINGLE INDIVIDUAL RKN TO

    GENOME- BASED DIAGNOSTIC OF LIKELY HOST RANGE AND CROP THREAT? JD Eisenback
  38. ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION, DIVERSITY AND THREAT Dr

    Dave Lunt EVOHULL: EVOLUTIONARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL GENOMICS UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UK @davelunt [email protected] davelunt.net By Mason Masteka - originally posted to Flickr as End of Summer Tomatoes, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11444911