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The comparative genomics of 'ancient asexuality...

Dave Lunt
October 09, 2013

The comparative genomics of 'ancient asexuality' and hybridization in root knot nematodes

Seminar given at UCL October 2013

Dave Lunt

October 09, 2013
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  1. THE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF ‘ANCIENT ASEXUALITY’ AND HYBRIDIZATION IN ROOT

    KNOT NEMATODES Dave Lunt Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Hull
  2. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES Dave Lunt Evolutionary

    Biology Group, University of Hull Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh Georgios Koutsovoulos Mark Blaxter Sujai Kumar
  3. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES Acknowledgements Africa Gómez,

    Richard Ennos, Amir Szitenberg, Karim Gharbi, Chris Mitchell, Steve Moss, Tom Powers, Janete Brito, Etienne Danchin, Marian Thomson & GenePool Funding NERC, BBSRC, Yorkshire Agricultural Society, Nuffield Foundation, University of Hull, University of Edinburgh
  4. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES Dave Lunt davelunt.net

    @davelunt [email protected] @EvoHull +EvoHull +davelunt Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Hull http://www.github.com/davelunt
  5. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES WHAT’S IN A

    GENOME & WHY? mostly transposons, repeats, & sequences of incertae sedis For many eukaryotes: but why?
  6. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES SEM Meloidogyne female

    WHAT’S IN A GENOME & WHY? Evolutionary Forces: Selection Gene Flow Mutation Drift Recombination
  7. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES Studying Recombination Study

    its effects in genomic regions with reduced recombination • sex chromosomes • inversions Study its action in species that have lost meiotic recombination • asexuals A B C D E F sexual asexual origin of asexuality asexual
  8. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES Studying Recombination Mitotic

    reproduction has consequences for the genome • decay of sex-specific genes • extreme Allelic Sequence Divergence • loss of mutational effects of recombination A B C D E F sexual asexual origin of asexuality asexual
  9. THE MELOIDOGYNE RKN SYSTEM Meloidogyne Root Knot Nematodes • Globally

    important agricultural pest species • Enormous plant host range • parasitize all main crop plants • ~5% loss of world agriculture JD Eisenback RKN juveniles enter root tip infected uninfected SEM Meloidogyne female JD Eisenback
  10. THE MELOIDOGYNE RKN SYSTEM Meloidogyne Reproduction • Wide variety of

    reproductive modes in a single genus • Many species are mitotic parthenogens without chromosome pairs • Incapable of meiosis • Could be ‘ancient’ asexuals • 17 million years without meiosis?
  11. THE MELOIDOGYNE RKN SYSTEM Meloidogyne Reproduction • Wide variety of

    reproductive modes in a single genus • Many species are mitotic parthenogens without chromosome pairs • Other species are meiotic parthenogens • automixis
  12. THE MELOIDOGYNE RKN SYSTEM Meloidogyne Reproduction • Wide variety of

    reproductive modes in a single genus • Many species are mitotic parthenogens without chromosome pairs • Some species are obligatory outbreeding sexuals with males & females • amphimixis • Other species are meiotic parthenogens
  13. MELOIDOGYNE REPRODUCTION Are RKN Ancient Asexuals? Investigations based on multi-species

    single gene sequencing and phylogenetics: •testing for extreme allelic sequence divergence •testing for changes in molecular evolution pattern of sex-specific loci Lunt DH 2008 BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:194
  14. RECOMBINATION AND ASEXUALITY Extreme Allelic Sequence Divergence "If we suppose

    an ameiotic form evolving for a very long period of time we might imagine its two chromosome sets becoming completely unlike, so that it could no longer be considered as a diploid either in a genetical or cytological sense." Sometimes called Meselson effect, similar to paralogous loci A B C D E F sexual asexual origin of asexuality asexual MJD White ‘Animal Cytology and Evolution’ 1st ed 1945, p283
  15. RECOMBINATION AND ASEXUALITY Extreme Allelic Sequence Divergence A B C

    D E F sexual asexual origin of asexuality asexual
  16. RECOMBINATION AND ASEXUALITY loss of meiosis A B C D

    E F Extreme Asexual ASD alleles taxon Recent Ancient 1 2 3 asexual sexual asexual Redrawn after Birky 1996 Divergence between alleles of sexual species Divergence between asexual species ‘alleles’ alleles by recom bination m eiosis hom ogenizes
  17. THE SIGNATURES OF ANCIENT ASEXUALITY Extreme allelic sequence divergence Allelic

    Sequence Divergence levels are much greater in asexuals Meloidogyne than sexual Meloidogyne Pi (nucleotide diversity) Sexual Asexual apomicts | Species Max intraspecific substitutions Substitutions to closest relative M. incognita 15 0 M. javanica M. javanica 16 0 M. incognita RNA polymerase II Dystrophin Species Max intraspecific substitutions Substitutions to closest relative M. javanica 30 0 M. arenaria M. arenaria 32 0 M. javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.arenaria M.javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.incognita
  18. THE SIGNATURES OF ANCIENT ASEXUALITY Extreme allelic sequence divergence ASD

    can be very large within asexual individuals Pi (nucleotide Sex Asexual | Species Max intraspecific substitutions Substitutions to closest relative M. incognita 15 0 M. javanica M. javanica 16 0 M. incognita RNA polymerase II Dystrophin Species Max intraspecific substitutions Substitutions to closest relative M. javanica 30 0 M. arenaria M. arenaria 32 0 M. javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.arenaria M.javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.incognita Yet identical alleles can be found between different species
  19. THE SIGNATURES OF ANCIENT ASEXUALITY Extreme allelic sequence divergence Lunt

    DH 2008 BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:194 Pi (nucleotide Sex Asexual | Species Max intraspecific substitutions Substitutions to closest relative M. incognita 15 0 M. javanica M. javanica 16 0 M. incognita RNA polymerase II Dystrophin Species Max intraspecific substitutions Substitutions to closest relative M. javanica 30 0 M. arenaria M. arenaria 32 0 M. javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.arenaria M.javanica M.javanica M.javanica M.incognita This allele sharing is not predicted by ancient asexuality, and suggests interspecific hybridization
  20. RECOMBINATION AND ASEXUALITY loss of meiosis A B C D

    E F Extreme Asexual ASD alleles taxon Recent Ancient 1 2 3 asexual sexual asexual Redrawn after Birky 1996 Divergence between alleles of sexual species Divergence between asexual species ‘alleles’ alleles by recom bination m eiosis hom ogenizes
  21. RECOMBINATION AND ASEXUALITY A B A D C Extreme Hybrid

    ASD Alleles Taxa Recent Ancient Sexual parental species Redrawn after Birky 1996 Divergence between alleles of parental species Divergence between hybrid species alleles m eiosis hom ogenizes alleles by recom bination A C D Ancestor of sexual parental species Hybridization event meiosis homogenizes alleles Sexual parental species hybrid apomict hybrid apomict mitotic
  22. TESTING ANCIENT ASEXUALITY Sex Specific Loci Electron microscope images from

    Ward lab, http:// www.mcb.arizona.edu/wardlab/ • Nematodes have amoeboid (crawling) sperm • msp genes only expressed in sperm and spermatocytes • Structural protein of sperm • Signal to recommence meiosis • Prediction: msp gene should show signatures of loss of function (pseudogenization) in asexuals Major Sperm Protein
  23. msp intron diversity in asexuals 14 Mutations are not randomly

    distributed but cluster within the intron, exactly as for functional genes Selection on this gene cannot have been abandoned anciently
  24. msp intron diversity in asexuals 14 ML models of evolution

    are identical on sexual and asexual branches of tree Selection on this gene cannot have been abandoned anciently
  25. MELOIDOGYNE REPRODUCTION Previous Single Gene Sequencing I can reject ancient

    asexuality on basis of interspecific allele sharing and identical molecular evolution of sperm protein genes Data suggests interspecific hybrid origins Lunt DH 2008 BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:194
  26. MELOIDOGYNE HYBRIDIZATION Hybrid Speciation • Once thought that hybrid speciation

    was rare and inconsequential in animals • Genome biology is revealing a very different view • We have investigated the origins of Meloidogyne asexuals in this context
  27. Is M. floridensis the parent of the asexuals? M. floridensis

    is found within the phylogenetic diversity of asexual species It reproduces sexually by automixis Could it be a parent of the asexual lineages via interspecific hybridization? MELOIDOGYNE HYBRIDIZATION GENOMICS M.floridensis M. ??? M. incognita M. javanica M. arenaria x apomicts parental species automict
  28. Is M. floridensis the parent of the asexuals? Investigated using

    whole genome sequences and 2 distinct approaches; --look at the within-genome patterns of diversity to determine hybrid nature of genomes --look at phylogenetic relationships of all genes to study origins and parents MELOIDOGYNE HYBRIDIZATION GENOMICS M.floridensis M. ??? M. incognita M. javanica M. arenaria x apomicts parental species automict
  29. MELOIDOGYNE HYBRIDIZATION GENOMICS Meloidogyne comparative genomics We have sequenced M.

    floridensis genome and are able to compare to 2 other Meloidogyne genomes published by other groups M.floridensis M. ??? M. incognita M. javanica M. arenaria x apomicts parental species automict asexual, hybrid? sexual, parental? sexual, outgroup
  30. MELOIDOGYNE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS The Meloidogyne floridensis genome • 100Mb assembly

    ~100x genomic coverage • 15.3k predicted proteins • Directly comparable to published Meloidogyne genomes Lunt et al arXiv 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163
  31. MELOIDOGYNE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS Comparative genomics questions Lunt et al arXiv

    2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 • Is there evidence of hybrid origins of asexual species? • Nature of hybridization? • Is M. floridensis a parental? • How do offspring and parental genomes differ?
  32. INTRA-GENOMIC ANALYSES ID of duplicated protein-coding regions Lunt et al

    arXiv 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 • Coding sequences from each of the three target genomes (M. hapla, M. incognita and M. floridensis) were compared to the set of genes from the same species • The percent identity of the best matching (non-self) coding sequence was calculated, and is plotted as a frequency histogram • Both M. incognita and M. floridensis show evidence of presence of many duplicates, while M. hapla does not Self identity comparisons
  33. INTRA-GENOMIC ANALYSES ID of duplicated protein-coding regions Lunt et al

    arXiv 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 • Coding sequences from each of the three target genomes (M. hapla, M. incognita and M. floridensis) were compared to the set of genes from the same species • The percent identity of the best matching (non-self) coding sequence was calculated, and is plotted as a frequency histogram • Both M. incognita and M. floridensis show evidence of presence of many duplicates, while M. hapla does not Self identity comparisons
  34. INTRA-GENOMIC ANALYSES ID of duplicated protein-coding regions Lunt et al

    arXiv 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 • Coding sequences from each of the three target genomes (M. hapla, M. incognita and M. floridensis) were compared to the set of genes from the same species • The percent identity of the best matching (non-self) coding sequence was calculated, and is plotted as a frequency histogram • Both M. incognita and M. floridensis show evidence of presence of many duplicates, while M. hapla does not Self identity comparisons
  35. INTRA-GENOMIC ANALYSES ID of duplicated protein-coding regions Lunt et al

    arXiv 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 Self identity comparisons • Both M. incognita and M. floridensis contain diverged gene copies. • These loci duplicated at approximately the same point in time. • A ploidy change is not involved. • This is expected pattern for hybrid genomes
  36. COMPARATIVE GENOMICS M. floridensis Genome Size Lunt et al arXiv

    2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 • Assembly size is not haploid genome size for hybrid species • Divergence (4-8%) between homeologous (hybrid) copies will preclude assembly • Our assembly of 100Mb is ~2x 50-54Mb genome size of M. hapla
  37. HYBRIDIZATION HYPOTHESES Hybridization Hypotheses Lunt et al arXiv 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163

    There are very many ways species could hybridize, duplicate genes, lose genes We have selected a broad range of possibilities informed by prior knowledge We have tested their predictions phylogenetically M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 A M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 B M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 C M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z X+Y D
  38. 39 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita

    X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 Z M. incognita Z+Z 1 & 2 X+Y M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 Z M. incognita +Z X+Y M. hapla X Y M. floridensis X+Y C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla D M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 Hybridization hypotheses A B C D
  39. M. hapla X M. floridensis X B Scenario M. hapla

    X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 (A) Whole genome duplication(s)
  40. 41 M. hapla X M. floridensis X+Y C Scena M.

    hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. incognita Z (B) M. incognita is an interspecific hybrid with M. floridensis as one parent
  41. M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y

    Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y M. florid X+Y D Scenario X+Y (C) M. incognita and M. floridensis are independent hybrids sharing one parent
  42. Z M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita

    X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 X+Y (D) M. floridensis is a hybrid and M. incognita is a secondary hybrid between M. floridensis and a 3rd parent
  43. HYBRIDIZATION HYPOTHESES Testing by Phylogenomics Lunt et al arXiv 2013

    http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 M. hapla M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 A M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 B M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 X+Y C M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 X+Y D • Coding sequences from 3 genomes were placed into orthologous groups (InParanoid) • 4018 ortholog clusters included all 3 species • We retained those with a single copy in the outgroup M. hapla • Phylogenies of relationships between Mi and Mf gene copies (RAxML) • Trees were parsed and pooled to represent frequencies of different relationships
  44. 45 Each tree contains a single M. hapla sequence as

    outgroup (black square) Grey square indicates relative frequency of those topologies Trees are pooled within squares into different patterns of relationships Grid squares represent different numbers of gene copies
  45. HYBRIDIZATION HYPOTHESES Testing by Phylogenomics Lunt et al arXiv 2013

    http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 M. hapla M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 A M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 B M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 X+Y C M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z A Scenario 1 & 2 X+Y D • We assess the fit of the tree topologies to our hypotheses • Five out of seven cluster sets, and 95% of all trees, support hybrid origins for both M. floridensis and M. incognita • ie exclude hypotheses A and B • Hypothesis C best explains 17 trees • Hypothesis D best explains 1335 trees
  46. HYBRIDIZATION HYPOTHESES Testing by Phylogenomics Lunt et al arXiv 2013

    http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z X+Y A M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z X+Y B M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z M. hapla X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X Z+Z X+Y C • The genome data supports both M. incognita and M. floridensis as interspecific hybrids • M. floridensis is a parental species of “double hybrid” M. incognita with other parent unknown M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y Y+Z C Scenario 4 M. hapla X Y Z M. floridensis M. incognita X+Y (X+Y)+Z D Scenario 5 X Z M. floridensis M. incognita X X+Z B Scenario 3 X+Y Hypothesis D
  47. MELOIDOGYNE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS Comparative genomics questions Lunt et al arXiv

    2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 • Is there evidence of hybrid speciation? • Yes, complex hybrid origins are clear • Is M. floridensis a parental? • Yes, identified by phylogenomics and allelic sequence identity • How do offspring and parental genomes differ? What are the broader implications? • Ongoing work...
  48. MELOIDOGYNE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS Ongoing Work Lunt et al arXiv 2013

    http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6163 • 19 genomes in a phylogenetic design • Testing effect of recombination & breeding system on genome change • hybrids, inbred, outbred, loss of meiosis • TEs, mutational patterns, gene families Current NERC grant on Meloidogyne breeding system and genome evolution Recombination and genomic rates and patterns of molecular evolution
  49. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES SEM Meloidogyne female

    Dave Lunt JD Eisenback JD Eisenback juveniles enter root tip Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Hull
  50. COMPLEX HYBRID ORIGINS OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODES SEM Meloidogyne female

    Dave Lunt JD Eisenback JD Eisenback juveniles enter root tip Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Hull davelunt.net @davelunt [email protected] @EvoHull +EvoHull +davelunt http://www.github.com/davelunt