to wellness … [Need] is something that's built into our system, it's part of our evolved nature and so, therefore, it's natural rather than acquired’ « Deci & Ryan (2000, 2007, 2017)
behavior and to have activity be concordant with one’s integrated sense of self (Angyal, 1965; deCharms, 1968; Deci, 1980; Ryan & Connell, 1989; Sheldon & Elliot, 1999)’ Deci & Ryan (2000)
organisms, especially mammals, to develop through activity—to play, explore, and manipulate things and, in doing so, to expand their competencies and capacities.’ What is intrinsic motivation? Deci & Ryan (2017)
Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 105-115. Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month olds. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1785-1788.
will affect a person’s intrinsic motivation to the extent that they in fl uence the perceived locus of causality for the behavior. Events that promote a more external perceived locus of causality or have a functional signi fi cance of control will thwart autonomy and undermine intrinsic motivation, whereas those that promote a more internal perceived locus of causality will increase feelings of autonomy and enhance intrinsic motivation.’ CET Proposition I Deci & Ryan (2017)
an activity to the extent that the events in fl uence the person’s perceived competence at the activity. Events that promote greater perceived competence enhance intrinsic motivation by satisfying the person’s need for competence. Events that meaningfully diminish perceived competence undermine intrinsic motivation.’ CET Proposition II Deci & Ryan (2017)
have three aspects, each with a functional signi fi cance. The informational aspect, which conveys information about self-determined competence, facilitates an internal perceived locus of causality and perceived competence, thus supporting intrinsic motivation. The controlling aspect, which pressures people to think, feel, or behave in particular ways, facilitates an external perceived locus of causality, thereby diminishing intrinsic motivation. The amotivating aspect, which signi fi es incompetence to obtain outcomes and/or a lack of value for them, undermines both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and promotes amotivation. … CET Proposition III Deci & Ryan (2017)
to which the motivational climate tends to be controlling, autonomy supportive, or amotivating. This quality of the overarching interpersonal climate both directly impacts motivation and the likely interpretation or functional signi fi cance of speci fi c events, with corresponding effects on intrinsic motivation. Environments that are most facilitating of intrinsic motivation are those that support people’s basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. CET Proposition IV Deci & Ryan (2017)
behavior can differ in their functional signi fi cance. Accordingly, internally informational events are those that facilitate intrinsic motivation by facilitating an internal perceived locus of causality and perceived competence; internally controlling events are those experienced as pressure toward speci fi c outcomes and facilitate an external perceived locus of causality, thereby undermining intrinsic motivation; and internally amotivating events are those that make salient someone’s incompetence and inability to attain desired outcomes, thereby diminishing both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. CET Proposition V Deci & Ryan (2017)