Kubernetes and Networks - why is this so dang hard?

Kubernetes and networks Why is this so dang hard? Tim
Hockin @thockin v5

Kubernetes clusters are made up of nodes • Machines -
virtual or physical Those nodes exist on some network Pods run on those nodes Pods get IP addresses “Network model” describes how those pod IPs integrate with the larger network What does “network model” mean?

Start with a “normal” cluster

Network: 10.0.0.0/8

Network: 10.0.0.0/8 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16

NOTE: It’s not *required* that a cluster be a single
IP range, but it’s common and makes the pictures easier

Network: 10.0.0.0/8 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2

Network: 10.0.0.0/8 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24
Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24

Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 NOTE: Different Ranges

NOTE: It’s not *required* that nodes have a predeﬁned IP
range, but it’s common and makes the pictures easier

Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2

Pods get IPs from the node’s IP range (again, usually
but not always)

Kubernetes demands that pods can reach each other

Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2

Kubernetes does not say anything about things outside of the
cluster

Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Other: 10.128.1.1 ?

Multi-cluster makes it even more confusing

Network: 10.0.0.0/8 Other: 10.128.1.1 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Pod
range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.1.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.1.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.1.1.1 Pod-c: 10.1.2.1 Pod-d: 10.1.2.2 Pod-b: 10.1.1.2 ? ?

Network models (not exhaustive)

Fully-integrated (aka ﬂat)

range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.1.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.1.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.1.1.1 Pod-c: 10.1.2.1 Pod-d: 10.1.2.2 Pod-b: 10.1.1.2

range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.1.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.1.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.1.1.1 Pod-c: 10.1.2.1 Pod-d: 10.1.2.2 Pod-b: 10.1.1.2 NOTE: Different Ranges

Each node owns an IP range from the larger network
Everyone on the network knows how to deal with that (or the network deals with it for them)

Good when: • IP space is available • Network is
programmable / dynamic • Need high integration / performance • Kubernetes is a large part of your footprint

Bad when: • IP fragmentation / scarcity • Hard-to-conﬁgure network
infrastructure • Kubernetes is a small part of your footprint

Fully-isolated

No connectivity from inside to outside or vice-versa!

In fact, you can re-use all of the IPs

range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 NOTE: Same Range

In fact, they are basically on different networks

May be easier to reason about security boundaries

Good when: • Don’t need integration • IP space is
scarce / fragmented • Network is not programmable / dynamic

Bad when: • Need communication across a cluster-edge

Island mode

range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.1.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.1.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.1.1.1 Pod-c: 10.1.2.1 Pod-d: 10.1.2.2 Pod-b: 10.1.1.2 gateway gateway gateway

Ingress and egress traﬃc goes thru one or more abstract
“gateways” (more on that later)

You can re-use the Pod IPs (a major motivation for
this model), but node IPs come from the larger network

range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 gateway gateway gateway NOTE: Same Range

Can be implemented as an overlay network or not

Another way to think of this: clusters have a private
network for their pods; nodes have one leg in the main network and one leg in the cluster network

Cluster A pods 10.0.0.0/16 Cluster B pods 10.0.0.0/16 “Main” network
10.0.0.0/8 Cluster A Nodes Cluster B Nodes “Hole” 10.0.0.0/16 Other Any pod can reach the “main” network by masquerading as its node, but not vice-versa (except via a gateway)

Good when: • Need some integration • IP space is
scarce / fragmented • Network is not programmable / dynamic

Bad when: • Need to debug connectivity • Need direct-to-endpoint
communications • Need a lot of services exposed (especially non-HTTP) • Rely on client IPs for ﬁrewalls • Large number of nodes

Various forms of “gateway”

Gateway: nodes

Network: 10.0.0.0/8 Other: 10.128.1.1 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: 10.0.2.0/24
Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: 10.1.2.0/24 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2

Ingress: Service NodePorts

Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: 10.1.2.0/24 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.1.1.1 Pod-c: 10.1.2.1 Pod-d: 10.1.2.2 Pod-b: 10.1.1.2 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2

Node uses IP dst_port to route to correct service

You can ingress L4 into an L7 proxy and forward
from there (e.g. Ingress controllers)

Egress: IP Masquerade (aka SNAT)

SNAT obscures client IP (Traﬃc from pods on a node
comes from the node’s IP)

Gateway: VIP (ingress)

Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: 10.1.2.0/24 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 VIP VIP

Similar to NodePort, but node uses IP dst_ip to route

Still needs something like SNAT to egress

Gateway: Proxy (ingress)

Node1: IP: 10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: 10.1.2.0/24 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Proxy Proxy

Can either route to NodePort or directly to pod IPs
(e.g. proxy has special conﬁg to “get onto the island”)

Still needs something like SNAT to egress

There’s a LOT more to know about ingress (for another
presentation)

Options for egress are poorly explored, so far

Archipelago (aka “bigger islands”)

Network: 10.0.0.0/8 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Other: 10.128.1.1 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: IP:
10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.1.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.1.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.1.1.1 Pod-c: 10.1.2.1 Pod-d: 10.1.2.2 Pod-b: 10.1.1.2 gateway

Flat within the archipelago

Network: 10.0.0.0/8 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Other: 10.128.1.1 Cluster: 10.0.0.0/16 Node1: IP:
10.240.0.1 Pod range: 10.0.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.2 Pod range: 10.0.2.0/24 Pod-a: 10.0.1.1 Pod-c: 10.0.2.1 Pod-d: 10.0.2.2 Pod-b: 10.0.1.2 Cluster: 10.1.0.0/16 Node1: IP: 10.240.0.3 Pod range: 10.1.1.0/24 Node2: IP: 10.240.0.4 Pod range: 10.1.1.0/24 Pod-a: 10.1.1.1 Pod-c: 10.1.2.1 Pod-d: 10.1.2.2 Pod-b: 10.1.1.2 gateway NOTE: Different Ranges

Can’t reuse pod IPs between clusters, but can between archipelagos

Island mode to the rest of the network

Archipelago A pods 10.0.0.0/14 Archipelago B pods 10.0.0.0/14 “Main” network
10.0.0.0/8 Cluster A Nodes Cluster C Nodes “Hole” 10.0.0.0/14 Other Cluster B Nodes Cluster D Nodes

Can be implemented as an overlay network or not

Good when: • Need high integration across clusters • Need
some integration with non-kubernetes • IP space is scarce / fragmented • Network is not programmable / dynamic

Bad when: • Need to debug connectivity • Need direct-to-endpoint
communications • Need a lot of services exposed to non-k8s • Rely on client IPs for ﬁrewalls • Large number of nodes across all clusters

Gateway options are similar to plain island mode

Which one should you use?

There is no “right answer”. You have to consider the
tradeoffs. Sorry.

Kubernetes and Networks - why is this so dang h...

Kubernetes and Networks - why is this so dang hard?

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