mispredict 5 ns L2 cache reference 7 ns Mutex lock/unlock 25 ns Main memory reference 100 ns Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 3,000 ns Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network 10,000 ns 0.01 ms Read 4K randomly from SSD* 150,000 ns 0.15 ms Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 250,000 ns 0.25 ms Round trip within same datacenter 500,000 ns 0.5 ms Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* 1,000,000 ns 1 ms Disk seek 10,000,000 ns 10 ms Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 20,000,000 ns 20 ms Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 150,000,000 ns 150 ms