for functional data don’t work in this format – Conceptually, whole functions are single “values” – Ideally, these would be stored in a single cell in a tidy data rectangle • Instead, we have … matrices? “Wide” or “long” data? • All of these are painful to work with, typically in distinct ways – Don’t encode anything “functional”, like temporal structure, interpolation methods, smoothing approaches, etc – Don’t work with the tidyverse (and often aren’t easy with Base R either)