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Idiomatic Rust - Writing concise and elegant Ru...

Idiomatic Rust - Writing concise and elegant Rust code

Rust is a big language and it gets bigger every day. Many beginners ask: "What is idiomatic Rust?". This talk will highlight simple tips to make your Rust code more elegant and concise, and introduce you to my peer-reviewed collection of articles/talks/repos for writing idiomatic Rust code.

Coming from dynamic languages like Python, JavaScript or Ruby, many Rust beginners are missing some guidelines on how to write elegant and concise Rust code. For this purpose, I started a project called "Idiomatic Rust", which is a peer-reviewed collection of articles/talks/repos which teach the essence of good Rust.

In this talk I will introduce the project and show you some quick tips on how to make your Rust code more idiomatic. I will cover error handling (e.g. Option to Result conversions, the failure crate), efficiently working with (built-in) traits, and some more.

Matthias Endler

February 04, 2018
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  1. ! Düsseldorf, Germany ! Backend Engineer at ! Website performance

    ! Hot Chocolate matthiasendler mre matthias-endler.de Matthias Endler
  2. The most concise, convenient and common way of accomplishing a

    task in a programming language. Tim Mansfield
  3. public bool IsTrue(bool b) { if (b == true) {

    return true; } return false; } http://codecrap.com/content/172/
  4. fn parse_money(input: &str) { let parts: Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let

    maybe_amount = parts[0].parse(); if maybe_amount.is_err() { return (-1, "invalid".to_string()); } let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return (maybe_amount.unwrap(), currency); } // TODO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  5. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> (i32, String) { let parts: Vec<&str>

    = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let maybe_amount = parts[0].parse(); if maybe_amount.is_err() { return (-1, "invalid".to_string()); } let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return (maybe_amount.unwrap(), currency); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  6. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> (i32, String) { let parts: Vec<&str>

    = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let maybe_amount = parts[0].parse(); if maybe_amount.is_err() { return (-1, "invalid".to_string()); } let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return (maybe_amount.unwrap(), currency); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "magic" error constants
  7. use unwrap() fn parse_money(input: &str) -> (i32, String) { let

    parts: Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let amount = parts[0].parse().unwrap(); let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return (amount, currency); } 1 2 3 4 5 6
  8. parse_money("140.01 Euro"); thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an

    `Err` value: ParseIntError { kind: InvalidDigit }', src/libcore/result.rs:906:4 note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
  9. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> (i32, String) { let parts: Vec<&str>

    = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let amount = parts[0].parse().unwrap(); let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return (amount, currency); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 unwrap will panic on error
  10. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<(i32, String), ParseIntError> { let parts:

    Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let amount = parts[0].parse()?; let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return Ok((amount, currency)); } replace unwrap with ? 1 2 3 4 5 6
  11. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<(i32, String), ParseIntError> { let parts:

    Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let amount = parts[0].parse()?; let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return Ok((amount, currency)); } Wrong type for parse() 1 2 3 4 5 6
  12. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<(f32, String), ParseFloatError> { let parts:

    Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let amount = parts[0].parse()?; let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return Ok((amount, currency)); } use float Don't use float for real-world money objects! 1 2 3 4 5 6
  13. thread 'main' panicked at 'index out of bounds: the len

    is 1 but the index is 1', /Users/travis/build/ rust-lang/rust/src/liballoc/vec.rs:1551:10 note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace. parse_money("140.01");
  14. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<(f32, String), ParseFloatError> { let parts:

    Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); let amount = parts[0].parse()?; let currency = parts[1].to_string(); return Ok((amount, currency)); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unchecked vector index
  15. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<(f32, String), MoneyError> { let parts:

    Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); if parts.len() != 2 { Err(MoneyError::ParseError) } else { let (amount, currency) = (parts[0], parts[1]); Ok((amount.parse()?, currency.to_string())) } } use custom error 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  16. #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum MoneyError {
 ParseError,
 } impl Error for

    MoneyError {
 fn description(&self) -> &str {
 match *self { MoneyError::ParseError => "Invalid input", } } } impl fmt::Display for MoneyError { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { match *self { MoneyError::ParseError => f.write_str("Invalid input"), } } } impl From<ParseFloatError> for MoneyError { fn from(error: ParseFloatError) -> Self { MoneyError::ParseError } }
  17. #[derive(Debug, Fail)] enum MoneyError { #[fail(display = "Invalid input: {}",

    _0)]
 ParseAmount(ParseFloatError),
 #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
 ParseFormatting(String), } impl From<ParseFloatError> for MoneyError { fn from(e: ParseFloatError) -> Self { MoneyError::ParseAmount(e) } } https://github.com/withoutboats/failure
  18. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<(f32, String), MoneyError> { let parts:

    Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); if parts.len() != 2 { Err(MoneyError::ParseFormatting( "Expecting amount and currency".into(), )) } else { let (amount, currency) = (parts[0], parts[1]); Ok((amount.parse()?, currency.to_string())) } } explicit length check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 10 11
  19. slice patterns fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<(f32, String), MoneyError> {

    let parts: Vec<&str> = input.split_whitespace().collect(); match parts[..] { [amount, currency] => Ok((amount.parse()?, currency.to_string())), _ => Err(MoneyError::ParseFormatting( "Expecting amount and currency".into(), )), } } #![feature(slice_patterns)] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 10
  20. fn parse_money(input: &str) -> Result<Money, MoneyError> { let parts: Vec<&str>

    = input.split_whitespace().collect(); match parts[..] { [amount, curr] => Ok(Money::new(amount.parse()?, curr.parse()?)), _ => Err(MoneyError::ParseFormatting( "Expecting amount and currency".into(), )), } } #![feature(slice_patterns)] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 10 use own type for money
  21. #[derive(Debug)] struct Money { amount: f32, currency: Currency, } impl

    Money { fn new(amount: f32, currency: Currency) -> Self { Money { amount, currency } } } use own type for money
  22. #[derive(Debug)] enum Currency { Dollar, Euro, } impl std::str::FromStr for

    Currency { type Err = MoneyError; fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> { match s.to_lowercase().as_ref() { "dollar" | "$" => Ok(Currency::Dollar), "euro" | "eur" | "€" => Ok(Currency::Euro), _ => Err(MoneyError::ParseCurrency("Unknown currency".into())), } } } use own type for money 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 10 11 12
  23. impl std::str::FromStr for Money { type Err = MoneyError; fn

    from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> { let parts: Vec<&str> = s.split_whitespace().collect(); match parts[..] { [amount, currency] => Ok(Money::new(amount.parse()?, currency.parse()?)), _ => Err(MoneyError::ParseFormatting( "Expecting amount and currency".into(), )), } } } use own type for money
  24. "140.01".parse::<Money>()
 Err(ParseFormatting("Expecting amount and currency")) "OneMillion Bitcoin".parse::<Money>() Err(ParseAmount(ParseFloatError { kind:

    Invalid })) "100 €".parse::<Money>() Ok(Money { amount: 100.0, currency: Euro }) "42.24 Dollar".parse::<Money>() Ok(Money { amount: 42.42, currency: Dollar })