their EMS • Using Ansible and Python libraries Case1: API Automation API Orchestrator NE Provisioner User Ops 3rd-Party - Service Intent - Cache of actual device config - etc… 7
Ansible modules for minor devices (e.g. Carrier grade Transport Devices) -> Scripting from scratch Simple Scripting using text templating like Jinja. It is fragile and easily broken 9
Ansible modules for minor devices (e.g. Carrier grade Transport Devices) -> Scripting from scratch Simple Scripting using text templating like Jinja. It is fragile and easily broken Need to invoke get command to see what is actually deployed 10
Ansible modules for minor devices (e.g. Carrier grade Transport Devices) -> Scripting from scratch Simple Scripting using text templating like Jinja. It is fragile and easily broken Need to invoke get command to see what is actually deployed Configuration drift caused by manual direct operation or software version up 11
delivered when PR merged • By Ansible or simple scripts • According to the IPAM/DCIM (e.g. NetBox) Case2: Git-based Continuous Delivery Github NE Provisioner Ops Reviewer Approve PR merge CI PR 12
CI PR No models and schema, just text templating. No capabilities for static analysis, except for golden files testing Actual mapped config might be drifted from the CI templating test results, caused by - State change of NetBox - Version difference between CI env and prod 14
CI PR No models and schema, just text templating. No capabilities for static analysis, except for golden files testing Depends external IPAM/DCIM. Needs an extra operation to perform rollback in addition to git checkout. Actual mapped config might be drifted from the CI templating test results, caused by - State change of NetBox - Version difference between CI env and prod 15
CI PR No models and schema, just text templating. No capabilities for static analysis, except for golden files testing Depends external IPAM/DCIM. Needs an extra operation to perform rollback in addition to git checkout. Actual mapped config might be drifted from the CI templating test results, caused by - State change of NetBox - Version difference between CI env and prod Push-based (CIOps, not GitOps) All device secrets are stored here and it increases security risk 16
Converge system state with described state by running delivery procedure repeatedly ◦ All Kubernetes resources are managed by this approach • Kubernetes Custom Operator ◦ Extension that configure user’s own resources external to Kubernetes ◦ Well-developed ecosystem to write your own Custom Operator 19
described declaratively ◦ Deploy system config automatically when Git PR merged ◦ Single Source of Truth & Pull-based • Advantage of GitOps ◦ Canonical desired config is versioned in Git as SSoT, operator can easily rollback entire system by git revert. ◦ Pull-based: secrets are installed near the target system and improve security pull CIOps push hook deploy GitOps push deploy We can also reduce security risk by adopting SecretManager of public cloud with Secret Operator or Secrets Store CSI Driver 20
model ◦ Authored by Marcel van Loheizen who made GCL *1 • Specialized in data unification ◦ Unifies multiple data in arbitrary layer ◦ Gets the same results regardless of order of evaluation （commutative and associative） • Types are Values ◦ Doesn’t distinguish values and types ◦ Simply declares constraints and schema • Programmable ◦ Supports coding practices like templating and module ◦ Type Generation from Go API, OpenAPI, Protobuf *1: Configuration Language used in Google/Borg // Value Alice: age: 20 // Type People: age: int // Constraint Member: age: > 18 // Validate Alice & People & Member Types and Values 21
Ops Reviewer Approve PR merge Test Admission Webhook Source Repo Pull PR Use CUE for type validation and policy test in CI Declarative system config is written by CUE Compile CUE and delivery generated YAML 22
Reviewer Approve PR merge Test Admission Webhook Source Repo Pull Github NE Provisioner Ops Reviewer Approve PR merge CI PR PR Push 24 No models and schema. No capabilities for static analysis, except for golden files testing Not SSoT. Needs an extra operation to perform rollback in addition to git checkout Procedural script and text templating included in the delivery flow, leading to enbug and configuration drift Push-based (CIOps, not GitOps) All device secrets are stored here and it increases security risk
templating • Abstract to the intent-based high-level model/interface with CRUD capability ◦ For domain-driven development of the north-bound application ◦ Must have the ability to perform composite of multiple typed document tree • GitOps ◦ SSoT, Pull-based ◦ SecretManager integration and security hardening • Basic requirements as the network provisioning system ◦ Transaction of distributed network devices ◦ Support of multi-vendor / multi-version devices 26
templating • Abstract to the intent-based high-level model/interface with CRUD capability ◦ For domain-driven development of the north-bound application ◦ Must have the ability to perform composite of multiple typed document tree • GitOps ◦ SSoT, Pull-based ◦ SecretManager integration and security hardening • Basic requirements as the network provisioning system ◦ Transaction of distributed network devices ◦ Support of multi-vendor / multi-version devices commutative and associative 27
templating • Abstract to the intent-based high-level model/interface with CRUD capability ◦ For domain-driven development of the north-bound application ◦ Must have the ability to perform composite of multiple typed document tree • GitOps ◦ SSoT, Pull-based ◦ SecretManager integration and security hardening • Basic requirements as the network provisioning system ◦ Transaction of distributed network devices ◦ Support of multi-vendor / multi-version devices commutative and associative 28
templating • Abstract to the intent-based high-level model/interface with CRUD capability ◦ For domain-driven development of the north-bound application ◦ Must have the ability to perform composite of multiple typed document tree • GitOps ◦ SSoT, Pull-based ◦ SecretManager integration and security hardening • Basic requirements as the network provisioning system ◦ Transaction of distributed network devices ◦ Support of multi-vendor / multi-version devices commutative and associative 29
Pull gNMI API Server Map Reduce Eval Composite Northbound Model Southbound Model Source Controller Device Rollout CR DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceA CR DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceB CR SSoT Multi-vendor Multi-version Devices DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceA Subscriber DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceB Subscriber Provision Change Notification 31 - Write data mapper from high-level model to device config model easily by CUE - Type Validation and Policy Enforcement by CUE - Provide CRUD API to enable north-bound system to perform domain-driven development
Pull gNMI API Server Map Reduce Eval Composite Northbound Model Southbound Model Source Controller Device Rollout CR DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceA CR DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceB CR SSoT Multi-vendor Multi-version Devices DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceA Subscriber DeviceA Operator DeviceA Operator DeviceB Subscriber Provision Change Notification 32 - SSoT - Perform rollback to any revision by git checkout - You can get entire device config from Git Repository - CI test using actual device config - Static Analysis using model schema
text templating • Abstract to the intent-based high-level model/interface with CRUD capability ◦ For domain-driven development of the caller system of the north-bound API ◦ Must have the ability to perform composite of multiple typed document tree • GitOps ◦ SSoT, Pull-based ◦ SecretManager integration and security hardening • Basic requirements as the network provisioning system ◦ Transaction of distributed network devices ◦ Support of multi-vendor / multi-version devices => OK => OK => OK => OK => WIP => OK => Under investigation with actual device 39
using OpenConfig/gNMI ◦ Integration test with actual devices • Under development to release this provisioning system as open-source ◦ Just a PoC quality at this time, we needs lots of work.. 40
Operator, FluxCD, and CUE • Kubernetes and the operation pattern is well-designed for automation and it can be applied even for network provisioning system • CUE is a great language that has a capability to change network provisioning system drastically 41
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