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Dive into Object-oriented Python

Dive into Object-oriented Python

Slides for the "Dive into object-oriented Python" workshop - PyCon Ireland 2015 - Sunday 25th October 2015

This workshop will introduce beginners to Python’s beautiful implementation of OOP concepts.

This is an updated edition of the workshop held at PyConIE 2014 with hands-on exercises. It's a good introduction for Python newcomers and even for advanced users who never took the time to dig into the core of the Python OOP implementation.

The workshop lasts for 4 hours and covers the following topics:

* Objects and types
* Classes and members
* Delegation
* Polymorphism

The workshop requires almost no knowledge about Python syntax. Running through an introductory tutorial is enough. The workshop however covers topics from a very basic level to an intermediate one.

Most of the time intermediate users (and sometimes even advanced users) have no real knowledge of the Python OOP model and its real structure. Also, most of the OOP introduction just talk about inheritance and not delegation, do not justify the EAFP pattern that Python pushes, do not give a rationale for the "untyped" parameters of Pyhton functions. This workshop does =)

The workshop files will be provided also as IPython Notebooks.

Leonardo Giordani

October 25, 2015
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Transcript

  1. I'm a software engineer, coder since around 1988, Linux user

    since 1998, Python lover since 1999. Currently working with Python and C in the field of satellite remote sensing. During the last 27 years I worked with Z80, Motorola 68k and Intel x86 Assembly, BASIC, Pascal, Prolog, C, LISP, bash, Python, C++, Erlang, JavaScript, Scala, Clojure. about me The Digital Cat lgiordani.com https://twitter.com/ tw_lgiordani https://github.com/ lgiordani https://plus.google.com/u/ LeonardoGiordani
  2. import levels from pyconie2015 import oop_workshop def can_understand(user): return user.level

    >= levels.BEGINNER for you in oop_workshop.attendees: assert can_understand(you) about_you.py
  3. jupyter notebooks http://jupyter.org/ #!/bin/bash sudo apt-get install -y python3-dev build-essential

    virtualenv -p python3 venv3 source venv3/bin/activate pip install -U pip pip install jupyter jupyter notebook http://jupyter.readthedocs.org/en/latest/install.html
  4. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    data = (13, 63, 5, 378, 58, 40) def avg(d): return sum(d)/len(d) >>> avg(data) 92.83333333333333 Plain old procedures
  5. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    door1 = [1, 'closed'] door2 = [2, 'closed'] def open_door(door): door[1] = 'open' >>> open_door(door1) >>> door1 [1, 'open'] Procedures can modify data
  6. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    door1 = [1, 'closed'] door2 = [2, 'closed'] ldoor1 = [1, 'closed', 'unlocked'] def open_door(door): door[1] = 'open' def open_ldoor(door): if door[2] == 'unlocked': door[1] = 'open' Things can get complicated
  7. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    door1 = [1, 'closed'] door2 = [2, 'closed'] ldoor1 = [1, 'closed', 'unlocked'] def open_door(door): door[1] = 'open' def open_ldoor(door): if door[2] == 'unlocked': door[1] = 'open' >>> open_door(door1) >>> door1 [1, 'open'] >>> open_ldoor(ldoor1) >>> ldoor1 [1, 'open', 'unlocked'] Things can get complicated
  8. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Behavioural meaning The meaning of the word 'type'
  9. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Structural meaning The meaning of the word 'type'
  10. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> a = 6 >>> a 6 >>> type(a) <class 'int'> >>> a = int(6) >>> a 6 >>> a.__class__ <class 'int'> You already used classes
  11. Python 2.x Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC

    BY-SA 4.0 You already used classes >>> a = 6 >>> a 6 >>> type(a) <type 'int'> >>> a = int(6) >>> a 6 >>> a.__class__ <type 'int'>
  12. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Find some types that Python provides out of the box. 2. Can you create a float variable without using the '.' character? 3. What is the difference between {1,2,3} and {'a':1, 'b':2}?
  13. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Find some types that Python provides out of the box. >>> type(4) <class 'int'> >>> type(4.5) <class 'float'> >>> type('some words') <class 'str'> >>> type([1,2,3,4]) <class 'list'> >>> type((1,2,3,4)) <class 'tuple'> >>> type({1,2,3,4}) <class 'set'> >>> type({'first name':'Ray', 'last name':'Stantz'}) <class 'dict'> >>> type(True) <class 'bool'>
  14. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Can you create a float variable without using the '.' character? >>> a = float(4) >>> type(a) <class 'float'>
  15. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 3. What is the difference between {1,2,3} and {'a':1, 'b':2}? >>> type({1,2,3}) <class 'set'> >>> type({'a':1, 'b':2}) <class 'dict'>
  16. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class Door> Keep data and functions together
  17. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class Door> >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'closed' Keep data and functions together
  18. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class Door> >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'closed' >>> door1.open() Keep data and functions together
  19. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class Door> >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'closed' >>> door1.open() >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'open' Keep data and functions together
  20. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  21. Python 2.x Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC

    BY-SA 4.0 The first class class Door(object): def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  22. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  23. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  24. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  25. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  26. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  27. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class '__main__.Door'> The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  28. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class '__main__.Door'> >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'closed' The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  29. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class '__main__.Door'> >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'closed' >>> door1.open() The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  30. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> type(door1) <class '__main__.Door'> >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'closed' >>> door1.open() >>> door1.number 1 >>> door1.status 'open' The first class class Door: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  31. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Create a ColouredDoor class that has the 'colour' attribute. 2. Create a ClosedDoor class that has a default status of 'closed'. 3. Create a ToggleDoor class that has a method toggle() that toggles the status of the door.
  32. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Create a ColouredDoor class that has the 'colour' attribute. class ColouredDoor: def __init__(self, number, status, colour): self.number = number self.status = status self.colour = colour def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  33. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Create a ClosedDoor class that has a default status of 'closed'. class ClosedDoor: def __init__(self, number, status='closed'): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  34. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 3. Create a ToggleDoor class that has a method toggle() that toggles the status of the door. class ToggleDoor: def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed' def toggle(self): d = {'open': 'closed', 'closed': 'open'} self.status = d[self.status]
  35. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Where is the class of an object? >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door2 = Door(1, 'closed')
  36. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Where is the class of an object? >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door2 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> hex(id(door1)) '0xb67e148c' >>> hex(id(door2)) '0xb67e144c'
  37. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Where is the class of an object? >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door2 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> hex(id(door1)) '0xb67e148c' >>> hex(id(door2)) '0xb67e144c' >>> hex(id(door1.__class__)) '0xb685f56c' >>> hex(id(door2.__class__)) '0xb685f56c'
  38. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Class attributes class Door: colour = 'brown' def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  39. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door2 = Door(2, 'closed') Class attributes
  40. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door2 = Door(2, 'closed') >>> Door.colour 'brown' >>> door1.colour 'brown' >>> door2.colour 'brown' Class attributes
  41. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.colour = 'white' Class attributes
  42. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.colour = 'white' >>> Door.colour 'white' >>> door1.colour 'white' >>> door2.colour 'white' Class attributes
  43. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.colour = 'white' >>> Door.colour 'white' >>> door1.colour 'white' >>> door2.colour 'white' >>> hex(id(Door.colour)) '0xb67e1500' >>> hex(id(door1.colour)) '0xb67e1500' >>> hex(id(door2.colour)) '0xb67e1500' Class attributes
  44. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) Class attributes
  45. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} Class attributes
  46. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> door1.__dict__['colour'] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: 'colour' Class attributes
  47. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> door1.__dict__['colour'] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: 'colour' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['colour'] 'white' >>> door1.colour is Door.colour True Class attributes
  48. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Door door1 door2 __getattribute__() __getattribute__() Let's dive into attribute resolution door1.colour Door.colour
  49. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Let's dive into attribute resolution >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door1.colour = 'white' >>> door1.__dict__['colour'] 'white' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['colour'] 'brown'
  50. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Let's dive into attribute resolution >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door1.colour = 'white' >>> door1.__dict__['colour'] 'white' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['colour'] 'brown' >>> door1.colour 'white' >>> Door.colour 'brown'
  51. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Let's dive into attribute resolution >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door1.colour = 'white' >>> door1.__dict__['colour'] 'white' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['colour'] 'brown' >>> door1.colour 'white' >>> Door.colour 'brown' >>> Door.colour = 'red'
  52. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Let's dive into attribute resolution >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door1.colour = 'white' >>> door1.__dict__['colour'] 'white' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['colour'] 'brown' >>> door1.colour 'white' >>> Door.colour 'brown' >>> Door.colour = 'red' >>> door1.__dict__['colour'] 'white' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['colour'] 'red'
  53. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the Door class adding a class attribute 'status' with value 'undefined'. Does it work? What happens to instances? 2. Modify the Door class adding a class attribute 'status' with value 'closed' and remove status from __init__(). Does it work? 3. Add a toggle() method to the previous class. What happens if you call toggle() on a fresh instance? Why?
  54. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the Door class adding a class attribute 'status' with value 'undefined'. Does it work? What happens to instances? class Door: colour = 'brown' status = 'undefined' def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  55. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Modify the Door class adding a class attribute 'status' with value 'closed' and remove status from __init__(). Does it work? class Door: colour = 'brown' status = 'closed' def __init__(self, number): self.number = number def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  56. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 3. Add a toggle() method to the previous class. What happens if you call toggle() on a fresh instance? Why? class Door: colour = 'brown' status = 'closed' def __init__(self, number): self.number = number def toggle(self): d = {'open': 'closed', 'closed': 'open'} self.status = d[self.status]
  57. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> door1.colour is Door.colour True What about methods?
  58. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> door1.colour is Door.colour True >>> door1.open is Door.open False What about methods?
  59. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> door1.colour is Door.colour True >>> door1.open is Door.open False >>> Door.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> Door.open <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> What about methods?
  60. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> door1.colour is Door.colour True >>> door1.open is Door.open False >>> Door.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> Door.open <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> door1.open <bound method Door.open of <__main__.Door object at 0xb67e162c>> What about methods?
  61. Python 2.x Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC

    BY-SA 4.0 >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'open': <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac>, 'colour': 'white', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb7062854>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb686041c>}) >>> door1.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> door1.colour is Door.colour True >>> door1.open is Door.open False >>> Door.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> Door.open <unbound method Door.open> >>> door1.open <bound method Door.open of <__main__.Door object at 0xb67e162c>> What about methods?
  62. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: open() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' From functions to bound methods
  63. Python 2.x Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC

    BY-SA 4.0 >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unbound method open() must be called with Door instance as first argument (got nothing instead) From functions to bound methods
  64. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: open() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' >>> Door.open(door1) >>> door1.status 'open' From functions to bound methods
  65. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: open() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' >>> Door.open(door1) >>> door1.status 'open' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> From functions to bound methods
  66. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: open() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' >>> Door.open(door1) >>> door1.status 'open' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> dir(door1.__class__.__dict__['open']) ['__annotations__', '__call__', '__class__', '__closure__', '__code__', '__defaults__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__get__', '__getattribute__', '__globals__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__kwdefaults__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__name__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__qualname__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__'] From functions to bound methods
  67. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: open() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' >>> Door.open(door1) >>> door1.status 'open' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> dir(door1.__class__.__dict__['open']) ['__annotations__', '__call__', '__class__', '__closure__', ...,'__get__',...] >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'].__get__ <method-wrapper '__get__' of function object at 0xb68604ac> From functions to bound methods
  68. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: open() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' >>> Door.open(door1) >>> door1.status 'open' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> dir(door1.__class__.__dict__['open']) ['__annotations__', '__call__', '__class__', '__closure__', ...,'__get__',...] >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'].__get__ <method-wrapper '__get__' of function object at 0xb68604ac> >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'].__get__(door1) <bound method Door.open of <__main__.Door object at 0xb67e162c>> From functions to bound methods
  69. Python 2.x Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC

    BY-SA 4.0 >>> Door.open() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: open() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' >>> Door.open(door1) >>> door1.status 'open' >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'] <function Door.open at 0xb68604ac> >>> dir(door1.__class__.__dict__['open']) ['__annotations__', '__call__', '__class__', '__closure__', ...,'__get__',...] >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'].__get__ <method-wrapper '__get__' of function object at 0xb68604ac> >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'].__get__(door1) <bound method ?.open of <__main__.Door instance at 0xb6977aac>> >>> door1.__class__.__dict__['open'].__get__(door1, Door) <bound method Door.open of <__main__.Door object at 0xb73f956c>> From functions to bound methods
  70. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class Door: colour = 'brown' def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status @classmethod def knock(cls): print("Knock!") def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed' Class methods
  71. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door1 = Door(1, 'closed') >>> door1.knock() Knock! >>> Door.knock() Knock! From functions to bound methods
  72. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the Door class adding a class method 'paint' that accepts a 'colour' argument and changes the class attribute 'colour'. 2. Modify the Door class adding both a class method 'paint' and a standard method 'paint'. What happens?
  73. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the Door class adding a class method 'paint' that accepts a 'colour' argument and changes the class attribute 'colour'. class Door: colour = 'brown' def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status @classmethod def paint(cls, colour): cls.colour = colour def open(self): self.status = 'open' def close(self): self.status = 'closed'
  74. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Modify the Door class adding both a class method 'paint' and a standard method 'paint'. What happens? class Door: colour = 'brown' def __init__(self, number, status): self.number = number self.status = status @classmethod def paint(cls, colour): cls.colour = colour def paint(self, colour): self.colour = colour [...]
  75. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Cat has all the features of Animal, Cat has all the features of Animal, i.e. 'moves' i.e. 'moves' Specialization Cat Animal
  76. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Cat may provide new features, i.e. Cat may provide new features, i.e. 'has whiskers' 'has whiskers' Specialization Cat Animal
  77. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Cat performs some or all the tasks performed by Cat performs some or all the tasks performed by Animal in a different way, i.e. 'moves silently' Animal in a different way, i.e. 'moves silently' Specialization Cat Animal
  78. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Cat implements only 'new' or Cat implements only 'new' or 'changed' features 'changed' features Cat delegates the remaining Cat delegates the remaining features to Animal features to Animal Delegation Cat Animal
  79. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Composition: 'has' Car Engine turn_on() Wheels steer() get_color()
  80. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance: 'is' look() look() Cat Animal look() mew()
  81. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance class SecurityDoor(Door): pass
  82. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance class SecurityDoor(Door): pass >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed')
  83. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance class SecurityDoor(Door): pass >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed') >>> SecurityDoor.colour is Door.colour True >>> sdoor.colour is Door.colour True
  84. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance class SecurityDoor(Door): pass >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed') >>> SecurityDoor.colour is Door.colour True >>> sdoor.colour is Door.colour True sdoor.colour sdoor.colour SecurityDoor.colour SecurityDoor.colour Door.colour Door.colour
  85. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance >>> sdoor.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'}
  86. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance >>> sdoor.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> sdoor.__class__.__dict__ mappingproxy({'__doc__': None, '__module__': '__main__'}) >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, 'colour': 'yellow', 'open': <function Door.open at 0xb687e224>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb687e14c>, '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb687e1dc>, 'knock': <classmethod object at 0xb67ff6ac>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', 'paint': <classmethod object at 0xb67ff6ec>})
  87. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance >>> sdoor.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> sdoor.__class__.__dict__ mappingproxy({'__doc__': None, '__module__': '__main__'}) >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, 'colour': 'yellow', 'open': <function Door.open at 0xb687e224>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb687e14c>, '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb687e1dc>, 'knock': <classmethod object at 0xb67ff6ac>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', 'paint': <classmethod object at 0xb67ff6ec>}) >>> SecurityDoor.__bases__ (<class '__main__.Door'>,)
  88. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Inheritance >>> sdoor.__dict__ {'number': 1, 'status': 'closed'} >>> sdoor.__class__.__dict__ mappingproxy({'__doc__': None, '__module__': '__main__'}) >>> Door.__dict__ mappingproxy({'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Door' objects>, 'colour': 'yellow', 'open': <function Door.open at 0xb687e224>, '__init__': <function Door.__init__ at 0xb687e14c>, '__doc__': None, 'close': <function Door.close at 0xb687e1dc>, 'knock': <classmethod object at 0xb67ff6ac>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Door' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', 'paint': <classmethod object at 0xb67ff6ec>}) >>> SecurityDoor.__bases__ (<class '__main__.Door'>,) >>> sdoor.knock <bound method type.knock of <class '__main__.SecurityDoor'>> >>> sdoor.__class__.__bases__[0].__dict__['knock'].__get__(sdoor) <bound method type.knock of <class '__main__.SecurityDoor'>>
  89. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Overriding class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' locked = True def open(self): if not self.locked: self.status = 'open'
  90. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Overriding class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' locked = True def open(self): if not self.locked: self.status = 'open' >>> SecurityDoor.__dict__ mappingproxy({'__doc__': None, '__module__': '__main__', 'open': <function SecurityDoor.open at 0xb6fcf89c>, 'colour': 'grey', 'locked': True})
  91. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close_and_lock() method that changes status to 'closed' and locked to True. Test it. 2. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close() method that accepts a locked flag (with default). 3. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom __init__() method that sets self.locked.
  92. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close_and_lock() method that changes status to 'closed' and locked to True. Test it. class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' locked = False def open(self): if not self.locked: self.status = 'open' def close_and_lock(self): self.status = 'closed' self.locked = True
  93. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close() method that accepts a locked flag (with default). class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' locked = False def open(self): if not self.locked: self.status = 'open' def close(self, locked=False): self.status = 'closed' self.locked = locked
  94. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 3. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom __init__() method that sets self.locked. class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=False): self.number = number self.status = status self.locked = locked def open(self): if not self.locked: self.status = 'open'
  95. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Overriding class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): Door.__init__(self, number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return Door.open(self)
  96. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Overriding class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): Door.__init__(self, number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return Door.open(self) >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed')
  97. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Overriding class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): Door.__init__(self, number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return Door.open(self) >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed') >>> sdoor.open() >>> sdoor.status 'closed'
  98. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Overriding class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): Door.__init__(self, number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return Door.open(self) >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed') >>> sdoor.open() >>> sdoor.status 'closed' >>> sdoor.locked = False >>> sdoor.open() >>> sdoor.status 'open'
  99. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Avoid strong coupling class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): super().__init__(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return super().open()
  100. Python 2.x Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC

    BY-SA 4.0 Avoid strong coupling class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): super(SecurityDoor, self).__init__(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return super(SecurityDoor, self).open()
  101. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class SecurityDoor: colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): self.door = Door(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return self.door.open() def close(self): self.door.close() Composition
  102. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class SecurityDoor: colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): self.door = Door(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return self.door.open() def close(self): self.door.close() >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed') >>> sdoor.status Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'SecurityDorr' object has no attribute 'status' Composition
  103. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class SecurityDoor: colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): self.door = Door(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return self.door.open() def close(self): self.door.close() def get_status(self): return self.door.status status = property(get_status) >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed') >>> sdoor.status 'closed' Composition
  104. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Python magic to the rescue class SecurityDoor: colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): self.door = Door(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return self.door.open() def close(self): self.door.close() def __getattr__(self, attr): return getattr(self.door, attr) >>> sdoor = SecurityDoor(1, 'closed') >>> sdoor.status 'closed'
  105. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Python magic to the rescue class SecurityDoor: colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=True): self.door = Door(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return self.door.open() #def close(self): # self.door.close() def __getattr__(self, attr): return getattr(self.door, attr)
  106. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class ComposedDoor: def __init__(self, number, status): self.door = Door(number, status) def __getattr__(self, attr): return getattr(self.door, attr) Composed inheritance?
  107. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close_and_lock() method. Use super(). Try and implement it with composition. 2. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close() method that accepts a locked flag (with default). Use super(). Try and implement it with composition.
  108. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close_and_lock() method. Use super(). Try and implement it with composition. class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=False): super().__init__(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return super().open() def close_and_lock(self): super().close() self.locked = True
  109. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close_and_lock() method. Use super(). Try and implement it with composition. class SecurityDoor: colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=False): self.door = Door(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return self.door.open() def __getattr__(self, attr): return getattr(self.door, attr) def close_and_lock(self): self.door.close() self.locked = True
  110. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close() method that accepts a locked flag (with default). Use super(). Try and implement it with composition. class SecurityDoor(Door): colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=False): super().__init__(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return super().open() def close(self, locked=False): super().close() self.locked = locked
  111. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Modify the SecurityDoor class adding a custom close() method that accepts a locked flag (with default). Use super(). Try and implement it with composition. class SecurityDoor: colour = 'grey' def __init__(self, number, status, locked=False): self.door = Door(number, status) self.locked = locked def open(self): if self.locked: return self.door.open() def __getattr__(self, attr): return getattr(self.door, attr) def close(self, locked=False): self.door.close() self.locked = locked
  112. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    getattr() >>> l = [1,2,3] >>> dir(l) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
  113. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    getattr() >>> l = [1,2,3] >>> dir(l) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', ..., 'append', 'clear', 'copy', ...] >>> l.append <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c>
  114. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    getattr() >>> l = [1,2,3] >>> dir(l) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', ..., 'append', 'clear', 'copy', ...] >>> l.append <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c> >>> a = l.append >>> a <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c>
  115. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    getattr() >>> l = [1,2,3] >>> dir(l) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', ..., 'append', 'clear', 'copy', ...] >>> l.append <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c> >>> a = l.append >>> a <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c> >>> b = getattr(l, 'append') >>> b <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c>
  116. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    getattr() >>> l = [1,2,3] >>> dir(l) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', ..., 'append', 'clear', 'copy', ...] >>> l.append <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c> >>> a = l.append >>> a <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c> >>> b = getattr(l, 'append') >>> b <built-in method append of list object at 0xb70a2c2c> >>> a == b True >>> a is b False
  117. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    References >>> a = 5 >>> a 5 >>> type(a) <class 'int'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0x83fe540'
  118. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    References >>> a = 5 >>> a 5 >>> type(a) <class 'int'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0x83fe540' >>> a = 'five' >>> a 'five'
  119. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    References >>> a = 5 >>> a 5 >>> type(a) <class 'int'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0x83fe540' >>> a = 'five' >>> a 'five' >>> type(a) <class 'str'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0xb70d6560'
  120. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    References >>> a = 5 >>> a 5 >>> type(a) <class 'int'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0x83fe540' >>> a = 'five' >>> a 'five' >>> type(a) <class 'str'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0xb70d6560' Strong Strong type system: every type system: every variable has a type variable has a type
  121. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    References >>> a = 5 >>> a 5 >>> type(a) <class 'int'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0x83fe540' >>> a = 'five' >>> a 'five' >>> type(a) <class 'str'> >>> hex(id(a)) '0xb70d6560' Dynamic Dynamic type system: the type type system: the type changes with the content changes with the content
  122. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Every variable is a reference def echo(a): return a
  123. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Every variable is a reference def echo(a): return a >>> echo(5) 5 >>> echo('five') 'five'
  124. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> 5 + 6 11 >>> 5.5 + 6.6 12.1 What is polymorphism?
  125. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> 5 + 6 11 >>> 5.5 + 6.6 12.1 >>> "just a" + " string" 'just a string' What is polymorphism?
  126. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> 5 + 6 11 >>> 5.5 + 6.6 12.1 >>> "just a" + " string" 'just a string' >>> [1,2,3] + [4,5,6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> (1,2,3) + (4,5,6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) What is polymorphism?
  127. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> 5 + 6 11 >>> 5.5 + 6.6 12.1 >>> "just a" + " string" 'just a string' >>> [1,2,3] + [4,5,6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> (1,2,3) + (4,5,6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) >>> {'a':4, 'b':5} + {'c':7} Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'dict' and 'dict' What is polymorphism?
  128. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> s = "Just a sentence" >>> len(s) 15 >>> l = [1, 2, 3] >>> len(l) 3 >>> d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2} >>> len(d) 2 What is polymorphism?
  129. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> s = "Just a sentence" >>> len(s) 15 >>> l = [1, 2, 3] >>> len(l) 3 >>> d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2} >>> len(d) 2 >>> i = 5 >>> len(i) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len() What is polymorphism?
  130. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> s.__len__() 15 >>> l.__len__() 3 >>> d.__len__() 2 What is polymorphism?
  131. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> s.__len__() 15 >>> l.__len__() 3 >>> d.__len__() 2 >>> i.__len__() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute '__len__' What is polymorphism?
  132. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> [1,2,3].__add__([4,5,6]) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Polymorphism is based on delegation
  133. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> [1,2,3].__add__([4,5,6]) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> dir([1,2,3]) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', ...] Polymorphism is based on delegation
  134. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> [1,2,3].__add__([4,5,6]) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> dir([1,2,3]) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', ...] >>> 1 in [1,2,3] True >>> [1,2,3].__contains__(1) True Polymorphism is based on delegation
  135. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> [1,2,3].__add__([4,5,6]) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> dir([1,2,3]) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', ...] >>> 1 in [1,2,3] True >>> [1,2,3].__contains__(1) True >>> 6 in [1,2,3] False >>> [1,2,3].__contains__(6) False Polymorphism is based on delegation
  136. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    def sum(a, b): return a + b Polymorphism is based on delegation
  137. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    def sum(a, b): return a + b >>> sum(5,6) 11 >>> sum("Being ", "polymorphic") 'Being polymorphic' >>> sum([1,2,3], [4,5,6]) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Polymorphism is based on delegation
  138. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    def sum(a, b): return a + b >>> sum(5,6) 11 >>> sum("Being ", "polymorphic") 'Being polymorphic' >>> sum([1,2,3], [4,5,6]) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> sum([1,2,3], 8) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "<stdin>", line 2, in sum TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "int") to list Polymorphism is based on delegation
  139. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Create a class that contains an integer as self.value and with a __len__ method that returns the number of digits of the integer. Does len() work for instances of this class? 2. Add a __contains__() method that returns True if self.value contains the given digit. Does 'in' work for this type? 3. Try str() on an instance of your class. What happens? How can you return a better string representation (e.g. to show the actual value)?
  140. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Create a class that contains an integer as self.value and with a __len__ method that returns the number of digits of the integer. Does len() work for instances of this class? class CustomInteger: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __len__(self): return len(str(self.value))
  141. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Add a __contains__() method that returns True if self.value contains the given digit. Does 'in' work for this type? class CustomInteger: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __len__(self): return len(str(self.value)) def __contains__(self, digit): return str(digit) in str(self.value)
  142. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 3. Try str() on an instance of your class. What happens? How can you return a better string representation (e.g. to show the actual value)? class CustomInteger: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __len__(self): return len(str(self.value)) def __contains__(self, digit): return str(digit) in str(self.value) def __str__(self): return super().__str__() + ' [{}]'.format(self.value)
  143. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class Room: def __init__(self, door): self.door = door def open(self): self.door.open() def close(self): self.door.close() def is_open(self): return self.door.is_open() Polymorphism in action
  144. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class Door: def __init__(self): self.status = "closed" def open(self): self.status = "open" def close(self): self.status = "closed" def is_open(self): return self.status == "open" Polymorphism in action
  145. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    class BooleanDoor: def __init__(self): self.status = True def open(self): self.status = True def close(self): self.status = False def is_open(self): return self.status Polymorphism in action
  146. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door = Door() >>> bool_door = BooleanDoor() Polymorphism in action
  147. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door = Door() >>> bool_door = BooleanDoor() >>> room = Room(door) >>> bool_room = Room(bool_door) Polymorphism in action
  148. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door = Door() >>> bool_door = BooleanDoor() >>> room = Room(door) >>> bool_room = Room(bool_door) >>> room.open() >>> room.is_open() True >>> room.close() >>> room.is_open() False Polymorphism in action
  149. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    >>> door = Door() >>> bool_door = BooleanDoor() >>> room = Room(door) >>> bool_room = Room(bool_door) >>> room.open() >>> room.is_open() True >>> room.close() >>> room.is_open() False >>> bool_room.open() >>> bool_room.is_open() True >>> bool_room.close() >>> bool_room.is_open() False Polymorphism in action
  150. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the Room, the Door and the BooleanDoor classes to add a toggle() method that changes open status to closed and vice versa. 2. Change the Room class such that it accepts a class instead of an instance. How do you manage it into __init__()? Does it still work? 3. Create a PetDoor object that inherits from Door (or BooleanDoor). Add the suitable methods to manage the small pet door. Does the Room work? 4. May you reuse the Door to create the pet door?
  151. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 1. Modify the Room, the Door and the BooleanDoor classes to add a toggle() method that changes open status to closed and vice versa. class Room: def __init__(self, door): self.door = door def open(self): self.door.open() def close(self): self.door.close() def is_open(self): return self.door.is_open() def toggle(self): if self.door.is_open(): self.door.close() else: self.door.open()
  152. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 2. Change the Room class such that it accepts a class instead of an instance. How do you manage it into __init__()? Does it still work? class Room: def __init__(self, door_cls): self.door = door_cls() def open(self): self.door.open() def close(self): self.door.close() def is_open(self): return self.door.is_open() >>> room = Room(Door) >>> bool_room = Room(BooleanDoor)
  153. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 3. Create a PetDoor object that inherits from Door (or BooleanDoor). Add the suitable methods to manage the small pet door. Does the Room work? class PetDoor(BooleanDoor): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.pet_door = "open" def open_pet_door(self): self.pet_door = "open" def close_pet_door(self): self.pet_door = "closed"
  154. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    Exercises 4. May you reuse the Door to create the pet door? class PetDoor(BooleanDoor): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.pet_door = BooleanDoor() def open_pet_door(self): self.pet_door.open() def close_pet_door(self): self.pet_door.close()
  155. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    “Ask for permission” style if hasattr(someobj, 'open'): [...] else: [...] It It has has the attribute the attribute
  156. Dive into Object-oriented Python – lgiordani.com - CC BY-SA 4.0

    “Ask for permission” style try: someobj.open() [...] except AttributeError: [...] It It behaves behaves like it has like it has the attribute the attribute