Comparing Native Java REST API Frameworks - Devoxx France 2022

Use Spring Boot! No, use Micronaut!! Nooooo, Quarkus is the best!!! What about Helidon?

There are a lot of developers praising the hottest, and fastest, Java REST frameworks: Micronaut, Quarkus, Spring Boot, and Helidon. In this session, you'll learn how to do the following with each framework:

✅ Build a REST API
✅ Secure your API with OAuth 2.0
✅ Optimize for production with Docker and GraalVM

I'll also share some performance numbers and pretty graphs to compare community metrics.

YouTube recording: https://youtu.be/dp3YbdIEyWU
Related blog post: https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/06/18/native-java-framework-comparison
Helidon companion post: https://developer.okta.com/blog/2022/01/06/native-java-helidon
GitHub repo: https://github.com/oktadev/native-java-examples

1. Matt Raible | @mraible June 7, 2022 Native Java REST API Comparison Micronaut, Quarkus, Spring Boot, and Helidon Photo by Trish McGinity https://www.mcginityphoto.com/Portfolio/TravelandLeisure/France/i-V4VqtL5
2. @mraible Who is Matt Raible? Father, Husband, Skier, Mountain Biker, Whitewater Rafter Bus Lover Web Developer and Java Champion Okta Developer Advocate Blogger on raibledesigns.com and developer.okta.com/blog @mraible
6. developer.okta.com
7. @mraible Today’s Agenda Why Java? Build { REST, GraphQL } APIs with Java Secure your APIs with OAuth 2.1 Build with Docker Go Native with GraalVM https://unsplash.com/photos/JsTmUnHdVYQ
8. @mraible Why Java? 25+ Years of use, abuse, and improvements Open Source code is available; many popular open source frameworks and tools Hugely Popular and widely used by many enterprises and web-scale companies
9. @mraible Download the Oracle builds of OpenJDK https://jdk.java.net/18 Or Eclipse builds from Adoptium https://adoptium.net Get Started with Java 18
10. @mraible Get Started with Java 18 Better yet, use SDKMAN! curl -s https://get.sdkman.io | bash 
 sdk install java 18-open
11. Java Releases and Features
12. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2020/01/09/java-rest-api-showdown Build REST APIs with Java
13. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/06/18/native-java-framework-comparison Build Native Java REST APIs
14. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2022/01/06/native-java-helidon Build REST APIs and Native Apps with Helidon
15. Serverless 💵 💸 https://unsplash.com/photos/glRqyWJgUeY
16. @mraible sdk install micronaut mn create-app com.okta.rest.app \ -b maven -f security-jwt -f micronaut-aot Get Started with Micronaut
17. https://micronaut.io/launch
18. package com.okta.rest.controller; import io.micronaut.http.MediaType; import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Controller; import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Get; import io.micronaut.http.annotation.Produces; import io.micronaut.security.annotation.Secured; import io.micronaut.security.rules.SecurityRule; import java.security.Principal; @Controller("/hello") public class HelloController { @Get @Secured(SecurityRule.IS_AUTHENTICATED) @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN) public String hello(Principal principal) { return "Hello, " + principal.getName() + "!"; } }
19. micronaut.security.enabled=true micronaut.security.token.jwt.enabled=true micronaut.security.token.jwt.signatures.jwks.okta.url= https://dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/default/v1/keys Micronaut JWT Security
20. micronaut.security.enabled=true micronaut.security.token.jwt.enabled=true micronaut.security.token.jwt.signatures.jwks.okta.url= https://dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/default/v1/keys Micronaut JWT Security https://micronaut-projects.github.io/micronaut-security/latest/guide/#jwt
21. Install HTTPie (a better cURL) $ <tool> install httpie https://httpie.org
22. Test Micronaut with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn mn:run http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
23. Verify Micronaut API with HTTPie
24. @mraible Get Started with Quarkus mvn io.quarkus:quarkus-maven-plugin:2.9.2.Final:create \ -DprojectGroupId=com.okta.rest \ -DprojectArtifactId=quarkus \ -DclassName="com.okta.rest.quarkus.HelloResource" \ -Dpath="/hello" \ -Dextensions="smallrye-jwt,resteasy-reactive"
25. https://code.quarkus.io
26. package com.okta.rest.quarkus; import io.quarkus.security.Authenticated; import javax.ws.rs.GET; import javax.ws.rs.Path; import javax.ws.rs.Produces; import javax.ws.rs.core.Context; import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType; import javax.ws.rs.core.SecurityContext; import java.security.Principal; @Path("/hello") public class HelloResource { @GET @Authenticated @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN) public String hello(@Context SecurityContext context) { Principal userPrincipal = context.getUserPrincipal(); return "Hello, " + userPrincipal.getName() + "!"; } }
27. mp.jwt.verify.publickey.location= https://dev-133337.okta.com/ oauth2/default/v1/keys mp.jwt.verify.issuer=https:// dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/ default MicroProfile JWT Security https://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2017/september/article2.php
28. mp.jwt.verify.publickey.location= https://dev-133337.okta.com/ oauth2/default/v1/keys mp.jwt.verify.issuer=https:// dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/ default MicroProfile JWT Security https://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2017/september/article2.php
30. Test Quarkus with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn quarkus:dev http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
31. Verify Quarkus API with HTTPie
32. @mraible Get Started with Spring Boot http https://start.spring.io/starter.zip \ dependencies==web,oauth2-resource-server,native \ packageName==com.okta.rest \ name==spring-boot \ type==maven-project \ baseDir==spring-boot | tar -xzvf -
33. https://start.spring.io https://start.spring.io
34. package com.okta.rest.controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.security.Principal; @RestController public class HelloController { @GetMapping("/hello") public String hello(Principal principal) { return "Hello, " + principal.getName() + "!"; } }
35. @mraible Optimize Tomcat for Spring Native <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId> </exclusion> <exclusion> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-websocket</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-programmatic</artifactId> <version>${tomcat.version}</version> </dependency>
36. Spring Security OAuth 2.0 Resource Server https://docs.spring.io/spring-security/reference/servlet/oauth2/resource-server okta.oauth2.issuer=https://dev-133337.okta.com/ oauth2/default
37. Test Spring Boot with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn spring-boot:run http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
38. Verify Spring Boot API with HTTPie
39. @mraible Get Started with Helidon mvn -U archetype:generate -DinteractiveMode=false \ -DarchetypeGroupId=io.helidon.archetypes \ -DarchetypeArtifactId=helidon-quickstart-mp \ -DarchetypeVersion=2.5.0 \ -DgroupId=com.okta.rest \ -DartifactId=helidon \ -Dpackage=com.okta.rest
40. The Helidon CLI
41. import io.helidon.security.Principal; import io.helidon.security.SecurityContext; import javax.ws.rs.GET; import javax.ws.rs.Path; import javax.ws.rs.Produces; import javax.ws.rs.core.Context; import java.util.Optional; import static javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN; @Path("/hello") public class HelloResource { @GET @Produces(TEXT_PLAIN) public String hello(@Context SecurityContext context) { Optional<Principal> userPrincipal = context.userPrincipal(); return "Hello, " + userPrincipal.get().getName() + "!"; } }
42. import com.okta.rest.controller.HelloResource; import org.eclipse.microprofile.auth.LoginConfig; import javax.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped; import javax.ws.rs.core.Application; import java.util.Set; @LoginConfig(authMethod = "MP-JWT") @ApplicationScoped public class HelloApplication extends Application { @Override public Set<Class<? >> getClasses() { return Set.of(HelloResource.class); } }
43. MicroProfile JWT Security mp.jwt.verify.issuer=https://dev-133337.okta.com/oauth2/default mp.jwt.verify.publickey.location=${mp.jwt.verify.issuer}/v1/keys https://download.eclipse.org/microprofile/microprofile-jwt-auth-1.1.1/microprofile-jwt-auth-spec.html <dependency> <groupId>io.helidon.microprofile.jwt</groupId> <artifactId>helidon-microprofile-jwt-auth</artifactId> </dependency>
44. Test Helidon with HTTPie https://httpie.org mvn package && java -jar target/helidon.jar http :8080/hello TOKEN=eyJraWQiOiJxOE1QMjFNNHZCVmxOSkxGbFFWNlN... http :8080/hello Authorization:"Bearer $TOKEN"
45. Verify Helidon API with HTTPie
46. @mraible Startup Performance Milliseconds 0 300 600 900 1200 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon 919 921 334 262 686 997 227 Dev Startup (mvn) Packaged Startup (java -jar)
47. @mraible What about GraphQL APIs? Why GraphQL? Does your favorite framework support GraphQL? Micronaut https://micronaut-projects.github.io/micronaut-graphql/latest/guide Quarkus https://quarkus.io/guides/smallrye-graphql Spring Boot https://spring.io/projects/spring-graphql Helidon https://helidon.io/docs/v2/#/mp/graphql/01_mp_graphql
48. @mraible Secure your API with OAuth 2.0 https://aaronparecki.com/2019/12/12/21/its-time-for-oauth-2-dot-1
49. @mraible Secure your API with OAuth 2.1 https://oauth.net/2.1 PKCE is required for all clients using the authorization code flow Redirect URIs must be compared using exact string matching The Implicit grant is omitted from this specification The Resource Owner Password Credentials grant is omitted from this specification Bearer token usage omits the use of bearer tokens in the query string of URIs Refresh tokens for public clients must either be sender-constrained or one-time use
50. @mraible Authenticate with OpenID Connect (OIDC) What is OpenID Connect? Does your favorite framework support OIDC authentication? Micronaut https://guides.micronaut.io/latest/micronaut-oauth2-okta.html Quarkus https://quarkus.io/guides/security-openid-connect-web-authentication Spring Boot https://docs.spring.io/spring-security/reference/servlet/oauth2/login Helidon https://helidon.io/docs/v2/#/mp/security/02_providers#_oidc_provider
51. What about testing?
52. @mraible Build with Docker Create a Dockerfile 
 FROM openjdk:18-alpine ARG JAR_FILE=target/*.jar COPY ${JAR_FILE} app.jar EXPOSE 8080 ENTRYPOINT ["java","-jar","/app.jar"]
53. @mraible Build with Docker Build your image docker build -t <tag-name> . Run your image docker run -it -p8080:8080 <tag-name>
54. @mraible Build with Docker: Jib Get Jibby with it! mvn verify jib:build Or build directly to your Docker daemon mvn verify jib:dockerBuild https://github.com/GoogleContainerTools/jib
55. @mraible Build with Docker Micronaut uses Jib, but you must configure plugins Quarkus generates four Docker-related files Dockerfile.jvm Dockerfile.legacy-jar Dockerfile.native Dockerfile.native-micro Quarkus + Jib mvn quarkus:add-extension -Dextensions="container-image-jib"
56. @mraible Build with Docker Spring Boot 2.3+ has built-in support mvn spring-boot:build-image Uses layered JARs for faster builds dependencies snapshot-dependencies resources application https://spring.io/blog/2020/01/27/creating-docker-images-with-spring-boot-2-3-0-m1
57. @mraible Build with Docker Helidon generates three Docker-related files Dockerfile Dockerfile.jlink Dockerfile.native Helidon + Jib Not available
58. @mraible Use Micronaut CLI mn create-app ... mvn package -Dpackaging=native-image gradle nativeImage gradle dockerBuildNative Go Native with GraalVM and Micronaut https://docs.micronaut.io/latest/guide/#graal
59. @mraible Go Native with GraalVM and Quarkus Create an executable without GraalVM installed mvn package -Pnative -Dquarkus.native.container-build=true Then, build the image docker build -f src/main/docker/Dockerfile.native -t \ <tag-name> . And run it docker run -it -p8080:8080 <tag-name> https://quarkus.io/guides/building-native-image
60. @mraible Use start.spring.io to get plugins and profiles <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <classifier>${repackage.classifier}</classifier> <image> <builder>paketobuildpacks/builder:tiny</builder> <env> <BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>true</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE> </env> </image> </configuration> </plugin> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>${spring-native.version}</version> <executions> Go Native with GraalVM and Spring Boot
61. @mraible Go Native with GraalVM and Spring Boot Add milestone repositories to your pom.xml <repositories> <repository> <id>spring-milestones</id> <name>Spring Milestones</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> </repository> </repositories> <pluginRepositories> <pluginRepository> <id>spring-milestones</id> <name>Spring Milestones</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> </pluginRepository> </pluginRepositories>
62. @mraible Go Native with GraalVM and Spring Boot Add Spring Native dependency <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId> <version>0.11.4</version> </dependency> Build the native application mvn spring-boot:build-image
63. @mraible How we fixed the Okta Spring Boot Starter https://youtu.be/8vY-9tXlCW4
64. @mraible Build the image docker build -f Dockerfile.native -t <tag-name> . And run it docker run --rm -p8080:8080 <tag-name> Go Native with GraalVM and Helidon
65. @mraible Native Startup Performance Milliseconds 0 20 40 60 80 100 June 6, 2022 42.4 61 19.2 29.8 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
66. @mraible Native Memory Used (MB) Megabytes 0 25 50 75 100 June 6, 2022 62 62 36 59 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
67. @mraible Tests Run on a 2019 MacBook Pro
68. @mraible Demo Time! https://github.com/oktadev/native-java-examples
69. Community
70. @mraible Stack Overflow Tags 0 35,000 70,000 105,000 140,000 June 6, 2022 67 122,797 2,719 1,352 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
71. @mraible GitHub Stars 0 18,750 37,500 56,250 75,000 June 6, 2022 2,700 61,500 10,000 5,300 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
72. https://star-history.t9t.io/#micronaut-projects/micronaut-core&quarkusio/quarkus&spring-projects/spring-boot&oracle/helidon GitHub Star Growth
73. @mraible Jobs on Indeed (US) 0 10,000 20,000 June 6, 2022 16 13,696 188 187 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
74. @mraible Twitter Followers 0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 June 6, 2022 3,712 88,300 15,000 11,800 Micronaut Quarkus Spring Boot Helidon
75. Hot Web Frameworks https://hotframeworks.com
76. @mraible JHipster Support 🤓 Micronaut Blueprint - github.com/jhipster/generator-jhipster-micronaut - v1.0.2, 18 releases, 17 contributors, 385 commits // TODO: Micronaut 3, Reactive, Microservices, GraalVM native images Quarkus Blueprint - github.com/jhipster/generator-jhipster-quarkus - v2.0.0-beta.1, 6 releases, 16 contributors, 550 commits // TODO: Quarkus 2.9, Dev Services, Reactive, Microservices
77. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/01/20/reactive-java-microservices
78. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2020/08/17/micronaut-jhipster-heroku
79. https://developer.okta.com/blog/2021/03/08/jhipster-quarkus-oidc
80. What about M1 Max? https://twitter.com/mraible/status/1509371877348843525
81. @mraible 🏆 Quarkus provides the best DevEx, startup time, and memory usage 🚀 Micronaut is the easiest to use and has been since the beginning 🌱 Spring Boot has the strongest community, ecosystem, and growth 🔮 Helidon still has some catching up to do but has made great progress ⚡ Spring 6 could be a game changer My Thoughts
82. @mraible Action! New to Java? Try Spring Boot Know Spring? Trial migration paths Testing is important, invest early and often Design your apps with security in mind Use OpenID Connect and OAuth 2.1 https://unsplash.com/photos/JsTmUnHdVYQ
83. developer.okta.com/blog/tags/java @oktadev
84. git clone https://github.com/oktadeveloper/okta-spring-webflux-react- example.git https://github.com/oktadev/native-java-examples Use the Source, Luke!
85. Thanks! Keep in Touch raibledesigns.com @mraible Presentations speakerdeck.com/mraible Code github.com/oktadev developer.okta.com
86. developer.okta.com