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Stay out of the kitchen: A DLP Security Bake-of...

Zach Lanier
February 05, 2015

Stay out of the kitchen: A DLP Security Bake-off (IT-Defense 2015)

Despite a plethora of data security and protection standards and certifications, companies and their systems are still leaking information like a sieve. Data Loss Prevention (DLP) solutions have often been touted as the "silver bullet" that will keep corporations from becoming the next headline. With deployment models ranging from a fat agent on an endpoint, to a blinky-lights box surveilling all network traffic, to some unified threat management gateway with DLP secret sauce, these solutions are ripe for bypass - or worse.

This talk will discuss our research into a handful of DLP solutions, including their capabilities and their shortcomings. We will demonstrate flaws in administrative and programmatic interfaces and the inspection engines themselves.

Zach Lanier

February 05, 2015
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Transcript

  1. Introduction • Our research is on-going and results herein are

    not exhaustive • Note the “security” qualifier before “bake-off” — this isn’t just a feature comparison • Read: we went down the "bug hunting" rabbit hole • Obligatory disclaimer: views in this presentation may not be those of my employer, blah blah blah 2
  2. About Me • Senior Research Scientist, Applied Research, Accuvant Labs

    R&D • Old net/web/app/mobile pen tester type • Co-author of "Android Hacker's Handbook" (Wiley, April 2014) 3 (Kelly Lum of Tumblr, who was unable be at IT-Defense, was involved with the research & original presentation)
  3. AGENDA • DLP overview • Targets/products in scope • Components

    breakdown • Assessment criteria/Methodology • Findings (by target) • Conclusion / Q&A 4
  4. What is DLP? • “Data Loss/Leakage Prevention” • Identify “sensitive

    stuff”, keep it from leaving the company • Various approaches: • Network monitoring/sniffing • Mail/messaging inspection • Endpoint agent • Real-time monitor • Filesystem/DB/CMS/ etc. crawler 6
  5. Why DLP? • Used to be a hot-button topic •

    Panacea to solve all data leakage woes • “Keeps honest people from doing dumb things” • Data breaches and “files falling off the back of a digital truck” spurred DLP 7
  6. Why WE chose to look at DLP • Curious about

    attack surface, reliability, etc. • Like other security products, DLP agents/appliances often have high privileges or are “ideally” situated (i.e. see all the traffic) • Testing the “security of security products” is always interesting • Big vendor buys small vendor, integrates then shelves them…meaning security is often overlooked
 8
  7. Previous Research • A bunch of blog posts and whitepapers

    by Securosis • “Defeating DLP”, Matasano, BlackHat USA 2007 • “Gone in 60 Minutes: Stealing Sensitive Data from Thousands of Systems Simultaneously with OpenDLP”, Andrew Gavin, DEFCON 19 • Many others… 9
  8. Vendors/Products Evaluated 15 Vendor Product Version OS Trend Micro DLP

    Management Appliance 5.6 Linux DLP Endpoint Agent 5.6 Windows Sophos Astaro UTM Appliance 9.201 Linux Sophos Enterprise Console 5.2.1r2 Windows Sophos Endpoint Security N/A Windows Websense TRITON Management Server 7.8.3 Windows Data Protector Endpoint Agent 7.8.3 Windows, Linux, OS X Data Security Protector Appliance 7.8.3 Linux OpenDLP OpenDLP 0.5.1 Linux
  9. Trend Micro • Windows endpoint agent - monitoring and policy

    enforcement on client machines • Acts like a “legitimate” rootkit and hides itself • Network agent - virtual appliance; monitors network traffic • Remote crawler - for digital assets on machines not on corporate network • Management server - Linux-based virtual appliance 17
  10. Websense • TRITON management server - unified management console; Apache

    Coyote on Windows, backed by MSSQL DB • Windows, OS X, Linux endpoint agents • File and network drivers • Can also monitor clipboard operations • Linux-based “Protector” appliance • Restricted “admin” shell • Crawler agents can index/identify sensitive documents 18
  11. Sophos • Enterprise Management Console - fat/native, Windows- based unified

    management console • Whole lotta .NET… • Sophos endpoint security - antivirus + DLP + … (Windows, OS X, Linux) 19
  12. OpenDLP • Typically Linux virtual appliance • Apache + a

    lot of Perl • Windows agent • File system crawler and document parser (PCRE-based) • SSHFS-based crawler • And some Metasploit modules (wtf?) 20
  13. On the ubiquity of KeyView… • “kvoop” binary (“KeyView OOP”)

    showed up a lot • Part of KeyView Filter SDK, used for parsing and normalizing various data and document formats • Used in numerous DLP products, messaging servers, and "big data" platforms • e.g. “EPClassifier” in Websense spawns kvoop processes to handle documents 21
  14. Methodology 23 Target Component Test(s) Network Appliance Parsers (docs and

    configuration) Invalid/mangled files Update/Deployment mechanism Protocol analysis; crypto/signing Operating System Configuration auditing Hardening practices Endpoints/Agents Parsers (docs and configuration) Invalid/mangled files Update/Deployment mechanism Protocol analysis; crypto/signing Drivers and Services Hardening practices/config Fuzzing (i.e. IOCTLs, network, etc.) Management Server Web Server/Web App LOL OWASP TOP 10 Database Configuration auditing Sensitive data storage Operating System Configuration auditing Hardening practices
  15. General Findings Notes • Little to no hardening on (Linux)

    appliances • Many services run as root • Lack of exploit mitigations • Highly privileged endpoint agent software out of the box (root, LOCALSYSTEM) • General absence of security best practices • Comms encryption, webappsec101, etc. • Occasional bug inheritance (e.g. OpenSSL!) 25
  16. Sophos: What we didn’t find • Majority of code implemented

    in .NET • Utilizes most of the MS core libraries, which means: • DB best practices • Contextualized Input/ Output • Standardized Encryption Libraries 31
  17. Not a whole lot… • Most services chroot’ed (eh…), drop

    privs • Web app fairly clean (just a few really low impact “issues”) • Tight network- and login- access control restrictions 33
  18. On Websense Policies... • Websense DLP policy objects include keywords,

    regexes, etc. • Regex entries are actually Python pickled objects • TRITON management server encrypts, bundles policies/files, pushes to agents and appliances 37
  19. Websense Protector & Endpoint - RCE + Privesc 38 Our

    crappy
 pickle POC;
 after
 overwriting a
 “legitimate”
 policy file Reverse shell from Protector
 after policy update Say a local admin on TRITON server replaces “.pic” file with custom pickled objects…
  20. Evasion is inevitable • Unsupported or obscure file formats, protocols,

    or unexpected network behavior • Think: fragment/datagram reassembly ordering • Obfuscated or encrypted files • Steganography, anyone? • How many of your users have elevated (admin, sudo/root) privileges? • e.g. disable endpoint agents 40
  21. “Is your objective to improve security, or make your quarterly

    targets?” -@snowcrashmike • Defenses add weaknesses • "Caveat emptor" • Every new piece of infrastructure is additional attack surface • Security companies should know better • If a scanner can find it, what’s your excuse? • Know what/who you’re defending against • An advanced insider probably has own abilities 41