専⾨の編集者よりも⼀般の消費者の⽅ がサイトの⼈気に影響⼒がある4 1: Chevalier, J. A., Mayzlin, D. (2006). The effect of word of mouth on sales: Online book reviews. Journal of marketing research, 43(3), 345-354. 2: Liu, Y. (2006). Word of mouth for movies: Its dynamics and impact on box office revenue. Journal of marketing, 70(3), 74-89. 3: Jalilvand, M. R., & Samiei, N. (2012). The effect of electronic word of mouth on brand image and purchase intention. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 4: Zhang, Z., Ye, Q., Law, R., Li, Y. (2010). The impact of e-word-of-mouth on the online popularity of restaurants: A comparison of consumer reviews and editor reviews. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 694-700. 多様な業界で実証されるeクチコミの影響⼒
AS AGENCY OF THE YEAR. January 8, https://adage.com/article/news/picked-consumer-agency-year/114153 Grossman, L. (2006). You ̶ Yes, You ̶ Are TIME's Person of the Year. TIME. December 25, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html 消費者の影響⼒の増加 2006年にAd AgeがAgency of the Year に”The Consumer”, TIMEがPerson of the Yearに”You”を選定. Image from Advertising Age Image from Time
today, 2(1), 60-67. 2: Bhagat, S. (2016). Three and a half degrees of separation. February 4, https://research.fb.com/blog/2016/02/three-and-a-half-degrees-of-separation/ 3: GREE. GREE(グリー)の始まり. https://corp.gree.net/jp/ja/corporate/origin/ (2020/4/1アクセス) • 「平均して知り合いを6⼈介すると,世界中の⼈々と繋がることができる」という仮説1 • Facebookが約16億⼈の利⽤者データで検証した結果,平均3.57⼈を介すれば誰とでも繋がることが判明 6次の隔たり(Six Degrees of Separation) ※GREEという社名は,Six De“gree”s of Separationが由来となっている3
と不満への対応 1: Li, X., C. Wu, and F. Mai (2019). “The Effect of Online Reviews on Product Sales: A Joint Sentiment-Topic Analysis.” Information and Management, Vol. 56(2), 172-184. 2: Chen, W., B. Gu, Q. Ye, and K.X. Zhu (2019). “Measuring and Managing the Externality of Managerial Responses to Online Customer Reviews.” Infor-mation Systems Research, Vol. 30(1), 81-96. 3: Filieri, R. (2015). “What Makes Online Reviews Helpful? A Diagnosticity-Adoption Framework to Explain Informational and Normative Influences in e-WOM.” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 68(6), 1261-1270.
と不満への対応 1: Li, X., C. Wu, and F. Mai (2019). “The Effect of Online Reviews on Product Sales: A Joint Sentiment-Topic Analysis.” Information and Management, Vol. 56(2), 172-184. 2: Chen, W., B. Gu, Q. Ye, and K.X. Zhu (2019). “Measuring and Managing the Externality of Managerial Responses to Online Customer Reviews.” Infor-mation Systems Research, Vol. 30(1), 81-96. 3: Filieri, R. (2015). “What Makes Online Reviews Helpful? A Diagnosticity-Adoption Framework to Explain Informational and Normative Influences in e-WOM.” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 68(6), 1261-1270. ただし,ほとんどは情報源としてはゴミ(次期商品の企画に役にたつレベルにはない)である
なにが欲しいかと顧客に尋ねていたら,『⾜が速い⾺』といわれたはずだ. ⼈々はみんな,実際に“それ”を⾒るまで,“それ”が欲しいかなんてわからない. Henry Ford2 1:本⽥宗⼀郎.(2005).やりたいことをやれ.PHP 研究所,30. 2: Gallo, C. (2010). The Innovation Secrets of SteveJobs. New York : McGraw-Hill Education.(井⼝耕⼆(訳).(2011).スティーブ・ ジョブズ 驚異のイノベーション.⽇経 BP,180-213.)
consumers: A pilot study. Journal of marketing, 47(1), 68-78. 2: Schellekens, G. A., Verlegh, P. W., Smidts, A. (2010). Language abstraction in word of mouth. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 207-223. 3: Desatnick, R. L. (1987). Managing to keep the customer: How to achieve and maintain superior customer service throughout the organization. Jossey-Bass. 4: Ferguson, B. (2006). Black buzz and red ink: the financial impact of negative consumer comments on US airlines. Connected marketing. 5: Williams, M., Buttle, F. (2014). Managing negative word-of-mouth: an exploratory study. Journal of marketing management, 30(13-14), 1423-1447. • 否定的な⼝コミは,肯定的なクチコミよりも,多くの⼈に伝達されている1 • 新しい商品・サービスの利⽤経験は,悪い内容ほど⼈に伝えたくなる2-4 企業は肯定的なクチコミを促進するよりも, はるかに多くのリソースを否定的なクチコミの管理に費やしている5
定義したコンセプトを ⼀貫して具現化・訴求 Concept ZMOT (Zero Moment of Truth) Webサイトや⼝コミを⾒たとき FMOT (First Moment of Truth) 店頭で商品を⾒たとき SMOT (Second Moment of Truth) 商品・サービスを利⽤したとき 流⾏ 性能・技術 デザイン・UX 本質的な 価値 Who What How どんな困っている⼈に? どんな価値を︖ どうやって提供するか︖ 狙いどころ
Modeling customer perceptions of complaint handling over time: the effects of perceived justice on satisfaction and intent. Journal of retailing, 78(4), 239-252. 2: De Matos, C. A., Henrique, J. L., Alberto Vargas Rossi, C. (2007). Service recovery paradox: a meta-analysis. Journal of service research, 10(1), 60-77. • サービスリカバリーの公正性は,肯定的なクチコミを発⽣させる1 • 効果的なサービスリカバリーを経験した顧客は,失敗を経験しなかった顧客 よりも,結果として⾼い満⾜度を持つ「サービスリカバリーパラドックス」もある2 失敗なし 失敗あり 購⼊ 満⾜ 不満⾜ リカバリー 満⾜ >
advertising. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 13(1-2), 61-77. 2: Capocasa, A., Denon, L., & Lucchi, R. (1985). Understanding audiences of TV commercial breaks: What people do, how they react, how much they recall. In European Society for Marketing Research Conference. Designed by Freepik • テレビがついている時間の18%は部屋に誰もいない • テレビ広告の間には,22%の⼈が他のことをしている1 • テレビ広告の間には, 20%の⼈はザッピングする2
2: Green, M. C. and Brock, T. C.: The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), pp.701-721, 2000. 3: 今井秀之, ⼭岡俊樹︓⽇⽤品市場における新製品売上予測モデルの構築. ⽇本感性⼯学会論⽂誌, 10(2), pp.63-71, 2011. 共感の効果 共感は,理解度を深め1,説得効果を⾼め2,購⼊を促進する3
and perceived realism in experiencing stories: A model of narrative comprehension and engagement. Communication Theory, 18(2), pp.255-280, 2008. 2: Argo, J. J., Zhu, R., and Dahl, D. W.: Fact or fiction: An investigation of empathy differences in response to emotional melodramatic entertainment. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(5), pp.614-623, 2008.
Meng, J. (2018). Are they celebrity followers? Examining the third-person perception of celebrity-endorsed advertising. Journal of Promotion Management, 24(2), 233250. 2: Thomas, T., & Johnson, J. (2017). The impact of celebrity expertise on advertising effectiveness: The mediating role of celebrity brand fit. Vision, 21(4), 367–374. 3: Lee, J. G., & Thorson, E. (2008). The impact of celebrity-product incongruence on the effectiveness of product endorsement. Journal of Advertising Research, 48(3), 433–449. 4: Paul, J., & Bhakar, S. (2018). Does celebrity image congruence influences brand attitude and purchase intention? Journal of Promotion Management, 24(2), 153–177. 両者の関係が近いほど,消費者は商品のコンセプト・便益を理解しやすい
C. V., Foroudi, P. and Dennis, C.: Examining the effects of celebrity trust on advertising credibility, brand credibility and corporate credibility. Journal of Business Research, 109, pp.472-488, 2020. 2: Carrillat, F. A. and dʼAstous, A.: Power imbalance issues in athlete sponsorship versus endorsement in the context of a scandal. European Journal of Marketing, 48(5/6), pp.1070-1091, 2014. 著名⼈を起⽤すると,⾃社だけでは管理できないリスクがある
empathy on repurchase intentions for PCs and smartphones. Journal of Promotion Management. 広告モデルが実⽣活で商品を使⽤している共感が⽣む効果 商品と関連づかないモデルが⽬⽴ってしまう広告ではなく, 「モデルが実⽣活で商品を使⽤している共感」が得られる広告が効果的 Apple MacBook Fujitsu FMV Lenovo ThinkPad Apple iPhone Samsung Galaxy Sony Xperia 58% 35% 30% 40% 32% 68%