as Problem-Solving” Authors: Antti Oulasvirta1, Kasper Hornbæk2 (1Aalto University, Finland 2University of Copenhagen, Denmark) Conference: CHI’16 talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0EVhYd4_Ws PDF: http://users.comnet.aalto.fi/oulasvir/pubs/hci-research-as-problem-solving-chi2016.pdf
of human– computer interaction (HCI) research as problem-solving. We build on the philosophy of Larry Laudan, who develops problem and solution as the foundational concepts of science. We argue that most HCI research is about three main types of problem: empirical, conceptual, and constructive. We elaborate upon Laudan’s concept of problem-solving capacity as a universal criterion for determining the progress of solutions (outcomes): Instead of asking whether research is ‘valid’ or follows the ‘right’ approach, it urges us to ask how its solutions advance our capacity to solve important problems in human use of computers. ……
໌ΒΕ͍ͯͳ͍ • HCIʮmotor themeϝΠϯετϦʔϜͱͳΔτϐοΫɼSchools of Thinkingʯ͕ܽ[1]͓ͯ͠ ΓɼʮτϐοΫཧɼϝιουɼਓʑΛԣஅతʹʯղ͞Ε͍ͯΔͱ൷͞ΕΔ • ʮhard scienceʯΛཁٻ͢Δͷ[2]ʮڧਟͳίϯηϓτʯ[3]ɾʮֶࡍੑʯ[4]ΛٻΊΔطଘͷ൷ ͋Δ • ͜͏ͨ͠൷͜ͷʹͱͬͯॏཁͳࣔࠦΛ͏େࣄͳݒ೦Ͱ͋Δ [1] Vassilis Kostakos. 2015. The Big Hole in HCI Research. [2] Gary M. Olson and Judith S. Olson. 2003. Human-computer interaction: Psychological aspects of the human use of computing. [3] Kristina Höök and Jonas Löwgren. 2012. Strong concepts: Intermediate-level knowledge in interaction design research. [4] Alan F. Blackwell. 2015. HCI As an Inter-Discipline.
͜ͷఆٛʹΑΔͱɼProblem-Solving͜Ε·Ͱͷઆ໌ΑΓ͍ϦαʔνྖҬΛΧόʔՄೳ ͜Ε·Ͱͷઆ໌ྫɿσβΠϯΛ௨ͨ͠ݚڀ[5]ɼΠϯλϥΫγϣϯͷ൷ධ[6]ɼϢʔβϏϦςΟͷՊֶ [7]ɼΠϯλϥΫγϣϯͷՊֶ[8] • ͔͠͠ͳ͕ΒɼϥμϯࣗવɾࣾձՊֶʹͷΈࢹΛͯͯίϯηϓτΛ࡞Γग़ͨ͠ͷͰɼσβΠϯ ΤϯδχΞϦϯάͷߩݙ͕ݟա͝͞Ε͍ͯΔ • HCIʹ͓͚ΔResearch ProblemEmpiricalConceptual͚ͩͰͳ͘Constructive ProblemؚΉ ෳࡶଟ༷ͳHCIݚڀΛ̏ͭͷλΠϓʹྨͰ͖ΔΑ͏ʹͳͬͨ [5] John Zimmerman, Jodi Forlizzi, and Shelley Evenson. 2007. Research through design as a method for interaction design research in HCI. [6] Jeffrey Bardzell. 2011. Interaction criticism: An introduction to the practice. [7] Douglas J Gillan and Randolph G Bias. 2001. Usability science. I: foundations. [8] Andrew Howes, Benjamin R Cowan, Christian P Janssen, et al. 2014. Interaction science SIG: overcoming challenges.
ͦͷΑ͏ͳݟํੜΈग़͞Ε͖ͯͨଟ༷ͳίϯτϦϏϡʔγϣϯʹؾ͍͍ͮͯͳ͍ • Ή͠Ζଟ͘ͷͰHCIਓؒͷίϯϐϡʔλͷ༻ͷProblem-Solving CapacityΛܶతʹվળ͖ͯͨ͠ • ͔͠͠ͳ͕ΒɼίϯτϦϏϡʔγϣϯ͕Empirical͘͠Constructiveͳʹूத͕ͪ͠ • ΑΓscientificʹ[11]ɼֶࡍతʹ[12]ɼϋʔυʹ[13]ɼιϑτʹ[14]ɼݫ֨ʹ[15]ͱHCI͕ཁٻ͞ΕΔͷͱ ରরతʹɼHCIͷߏతऑɼEmpiricalConstructiveͳݚڀͱ݁ͼͭ͘ConceptualͳίϯτϦϏ ϡʔγϣϯʢཧɼϝιουɼίϯηϓτɼݪཧʣΛੜΈग़͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍͜ͱͰ͋Δɽ [9] Stuart Reeves. 2015. Human-computer interaction as science. [10] Vassilis Kostakos. 2015. The Big Hole in HCI Research. [11] Andrew Howes, Benjamin R Cowan, Christian P Janssen, et al. 2014. Interaction science SIG: overcoming challenges. [12] Alan F. Blackwell. 2015. HCI As an Inter-Discipline. [13] Allen Newell and Stuart K. Card. 1985. The prospects for psychological science in human-computer interaction. [14] John M Carroll and Robert L Campbell. 1986. Softening up hard science: reply to newel1 and card. [15] Stuart Reeves. 2015. Human-computer interaction as science.
information and non- information aspects of pointing” (Human-Computer Interaction’04) Incompatibility̎ͭͷղऍ͕߹Ͱ͖ͳ͍લఏΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔ͜ͱΛҙຯ จͰɼϙΠϯςΟϯάͷύϑΥʔϚϯεΛఆྔԽ͢ΔΈͱͯ͠εϧʔϓοτΛ༻͢Δ͜ͱʹؔ ͢ΔٞΛߦͬͨ Each Subtypes of Conceptual Problem
Solutionʣ 2.෦తͰɼޮՌతͰͳ͔ͬͨΓඇޮͳղܾࡦ 3.࣮DeployͷͨΊͷࣝϦιʔεͷܽམ ϓϨθϯλʔϝϞɿ ΠϯλϥΫγϣϯʹؔ͢Δٕज़తͳͷΛɼ͜͏͍͏తͰ࡞ͬͯΈ·ͨ͠ʢ࣮ͦͯ͠ݧͯ͠Έ·ͨ͠ʣܥ͔ͳʁ What is Constructive Problem?
between people, bits and atoms” (CHI’97) ΠϯλϥΫγϣϯͷͨΊͷ৽͍ٕ͠ज़తίϯηϓτͱɼࣥච࣌Ͱଘࡏ͠ͳ͔ͬͨʹର͢Δ৽ͨͳٕज़తղܾ ࡦͷ࠷ॳͷΞΠσΞͷ྆ํʹίϯτϦϏϡʔγϣϯ͕͋ͬͨ ҰൠʹɼΠϯλϥΫγϣϯʹ͍ͭͯͷ৽͍֓͠೦ͷൃ໌ʹؔΘΔݚڀ͜ͷΧςΰϦʔʹྨ Subtype2ɿPartial, Ineffective, or Inefficient Solution จྫɿ”Sensetable: a wireless object tracking platform for tangible user interfaces” (CHI’01) λϯδϒϧͳΠϯλϥΫγϣϯͷͨΊͷɼίϯϐϡʔλʔϏδϣϯϕʔεͷख๏ΑΓྑ͍ύϑΥʔϚϯεΛͨΒ͢ి ࣓ੴͷτϥοΩϯάख๏Λ৽نʹఏҊ యܕతͳΤϯδχΞϦϯάϖʔύʔͰɼطʹଘࡏ͢ΔΠϯλϥΫγϣϯͷվળΛతͱͨ͠σβΠϯυϦϒϯͷจ ΠϯλϥΫγϣϯͷ͍͔ͭ͘ͷଆ໘ͷͨΊʹղܾࡦΛఏҊ͢Δ͜ͱΛड़͍ͯΔจ͕͜ͷΧςΰϦʹྨ Each Subtypes of Constructive Problem
จྫɿ”WeSpace: the design development and deployment of a walk-up and share multi-surface visual collaboration system” (CHI'09) ڠௐతͳෳͷαʔϑΣʔεγεςϜͰ͋ΔWeSpaceͷ෮తσβΠϯͱల։ʹ͍ͭͯهड़ ࣝϦιʔεͷෆʹΑͬͯҾ͖ى͜͞ΕΔ࣮DeployͷෆՄೳੑʹؔ͢Δͷ Each Subtypes of Constructive Problem
΄ͱΜͲɼίϯϐϡʔλʔͱਓؒͷΠϯλϥΫγϣϯʹ͓͚ΔະͷݱΛઆ໌ ͍͔ͭ͘ͷจ[16,17,18]ͰͷಈػɼHCIͷॏཁͳݱࣗମͷهड़Λ͢Δ͜ͱ ݱΛܗ࡞ΔະͷཁҼΛઆ໌͢Δ͍͔ͭ͘ͷEmpirical Research ex.ʮCollaborationͱInteractive Surfaceͷֶशʹد༩͢ΔཁҼʹ͍ͭͯ΄ͱΜͲΒͳ͍ʯ[19] [16] Aditya Vashistha, Edward Cutrell, Gaetano Borriello, and William Thies. 2015. Sangeet Swara: A Community- Moderated Voice Forum in Rural India. [17] Erin Buehler, Stacy Branham, Abdullah Ali, et al. 2015. Sharing is Caring: Assistive Technology Designs on Thingiverse. [18] Bryan Semaan, Heather Faucett, Scott P. Robertson, Misa Maruyama, and Sara Douglas. 2015. Designing Political Deliberation Environments to Support Interactions in the Public Sphere. [19] Florian Block, James Hammerman, Michael Horn, et al. 2015. Fluid Grouping: Quantifying Group Engagement Around Interactive Tabletop Exhibits in the Wild.
͍͔ͭ͘ͷConstructiveͳจʹ͍ͭͯ໌ࣔత ColourID [14]ɼࢹ֮োͷ͋ΔϢʔβʔʹΑΔ৭ͷࣝผΛվળ͢ΔͨΊͷπʔϧ ͍͔ͭ͘ͷConstructiveͳจղܾࡦΛఏࣔ͢Δ͚ͩͰɼΛ҉తʹ͍ͯ͠Δ[31,32] [20] Jörg Müller, Dieter Eberle, and Constantin Schmidt. 2015. BaseLase: An Interactive Focus+Context Laser Floor. [21] Moon-Hwan Lee, Seijin Cha, and Tek-Jin Nam. 2015. Patina Engraver: Visualizing Activity Logs As Patina in Fashionable Trackers. [22] Pedro Lopes, Patrik Jonell, and Patrick Baudisch. 2015. Affordance++: Allowing Objects to Communicate Dynamic Use. [23] David R. Flatla, Alan R. Andrade, Ross D. Teviotdale, Dylan L. Knowles, and Craig Stewart. 2015. ColourID: Improving Colour Identification for People with Im- paired Colour Vision. [24] Martin Weigel, Tong Lu, Gilles Bailly, Antti Oulasvirta, Carmel Majidi, and Jürgen Steimle. 2015. iSkin: Flexi- ble, Stretchable and Visually Customizable On-Body Touch Sensors for Mobile Computing.
et.al[7]ɼ౷߹͞ΕͨཧΛ௨ͯ͡ҎલͷൃݟΛௐ͢Δͱ͍͏໌֬ͳతͰதஅͷϞσϧΛఏࣔ ͨ͠ ൴Βͷจɼதஅʹؔ͢ΔҎલͷ݁ՌΛௐ͢Δඞཁ͕͋ΓɼʮதஅͷཧղΛվળ͢Δʹɺ͜ΕΒ ͷݚڀΛೝཧʹ౷߹͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δʯͱ͍͏ҟৗੑΛࢦఠ͍ͯ͠Δ [20] Jelmer P. Borst, Niels A. Taatgen, and Hedderik van Rijn. 2015. What Makes Interruptions Disruptive?: A Process- Model Account of the Effects of the Problem State Bot- tleneck on Task Interruption and Resumption.
ςϜߏஙͨ͠(Constructive) ྫ̎ɿΤωϧΪʔ༧ଌͷཧղࢧԉʹϓϩτλΠϓΛ༻͍ɼEmpiricalͱConstructiveΛMix[44] Best PaperͰConceptualͳʹযΛͯͨจ໌നʹ͓ܽͯ͠Γɼ͞ΒʹHonorble Mention ͷ98ͷจͷதʹɼ΄ΜͷҰ෦͔͠ݟ͔ͭΒͳ͔ͬͨ[12,47] [20] Motahhare Eslami, Aimee Rickman, Kristen Vaccaro, et al. 2015. “I Always Assumed That I Wasn’T Really That Close to [Her]”: Reasoning About Invisible Algorithms in News Feeds. [20] Will Simm, Maria Angela Ferrario, Adrian Friday, et al. 2015. Tiree Energy Pulse: Exploring Renewable Energy Forecasts on the Edge of the Grid. [20] Serge Egelman and Eyal Peer. 2015. Scaling the Security Wall: Developing a Security Behavior Intentions Scale (SeBIS). [20] Radu-Daniel Vatavu and Jacob O. Wobbrock. 2015. For- malizing Agreement Analysis for Elicitation Studies: New Measures, Significance Test, and Toolkit.
ex. ιʔγϟϧϝσΟΞͷͷݚڀ[1]ɼը૾ݕࡧͷੑผόΠΞε[24]ɼFacebookͷχϡʔεϑΟʔυΞ ϧΰϦζϜͷೝࣝ[13] [20] Motahhare Eslami, Aimee Rickman, Kristen Vaccaro, et al. 2015. “I Always Assumed That I Wasn’T Really That Close to [Her]”: Reasoning About Invisible Algorithms in News Feeds. [20] Will Simm, Maria Angela Ferrario, Adrian Friday, et al. 2015. Tiree Energy Pulse: Exploring Renewable Energy Forecasts on the Edge of the Grid. [20] Serge Egelman and Eyal Peer. 2015. Scaling the Security Wall: Developing a Security Behavior Intentions Scale (SeBIS). [20] Radu-Daniel Vatavu and Jacob O. Wobbrock. 2015. For- malizing Agreement Analysis for Elicitation Studies: New Measures, Significance Test, and Toolkit.
͜Εղܾͷ͔֯ΒෆՄܽͰ͢ɻ Ұ෦ͷจͰɺղܾࡦʢྫɿ৽͍͠ςΫϊϩδʔʣ·ͨΞϓϩʔνʢྫɿ൴Β͕ߦͬͨ͜ͱʣͷΈΛ ໌͍ࣔͯ͠·͕͢ɺͲͪΒݚڀʹؔ͢ΔͷͰ͋Γ·ͤΜɻ ͜ΕΒͷจɺ݁Ռ͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹղܾೳྗΛ্ͤ͞Δ͔Λઆ໌͢Δ͜ͱΊͬͨʹͳ͘ɺΘ Γʹ‘we know little about’, ‘significant gap in knowledge’, ‘no researchers have developed systems that’ͳͲͷݴ༿Λ༻͍ͯ͠·͢ɻ Α͘Θ͔ΒΜ