any formal peer review that may have already occurred Can be performed on third-party platforms, anyone can contribute, public Comments can be rude or of low quality, comments across multiple platforms lack inter-operability, low visibility, low uptake PubMed Commons, PeerJ, PLOS, BMJ Collaborative A combination of referees, editors and external readers participate in the assessment of scientific manuscripts through interactive comments, often to reach a consensus decision, and a single set of revisions Iterative, transparent, editors sign reports, can be integrated with formal process, deters low quality submissions Can be additionally time-consuming, discussion quality variable, peer pressure and influence can tilt the balance eLife, Frontiers series, Copernicus journals, BMJ Open Science Portable Authors can take referee reports to multiple consecutive venues, often administered by a third-party service Reduces redundancy or duplication, saves time Low uptake by authors, low acceptance by journals, high cost BioMed Central journals, NPRC, Rubriq, Peerage of Science, MECA Recommendation services Post-publication evaluation and recommendation of significant articles, often through a peer- nominated consortium Crowd-sourced literature discovery, time saving, “prestige” factor when inside a consortium Paid services (subscription only), time consuming on recommender side, exclusive F1000 Prime, CiteULike Decoupled post-publication (annotation services) Comments or highlights added directly to highlighted sections of the work. Added notes can be private or public Rapid, crowd-sourced and collaborative, cross-publisher, low threshold for entry Non-interoperable, multiple venues, effort duplication, relatively unused, genuine critiques reserved PubPeer, Hypothesis, PaperHive, PeerLibrary or deceptive publishing cast a shadow of doubt on the validity of versus careerism versus output measurement), and an academic Advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches to peer review.