‘WTF?’. I mean, “code that writes code”. • Write ‘extensions’ to Scala which expand out to more complicated code when used. Evaluated at compile time. • Facility for us to write syntax that feels “built in” to Scala, e.g. String Interpolation: s"Foo: $foo Bar: $bar FooBar: ${foo + bar}" • Annotations that rewrite / expand code: @hello object Test extends App { println(this.hello) } • ... And a lot more. 5 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
fairly new to Macros – there is a ton to absorb and some of it feels like deep, deep, black magic. • On the other hand, so many Macros talks are given by Deeply Scary Sorcerers and Demigods... who sometimes forget how hard this stuff can be to learn. • Let's take a look at this through really fresh, profusely bleeding, eyeballs. 6 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
(most?) of what we can do with Macros, by writing compiler plugins. • Esoteric, harder to ship (i.e. user must include a compiler plugin), not a lot of docs or examples. • Required deep knowledge of the AST: Essentially generating new Scala by hand-coding ASTs.† • I've done a little bit of compiler plugin work: the AST can be tough to deal with. † Abstract Syntax Tree. A simple “tree” of case-class like objects to be converted to bytecode... or JavaScript. 7 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
of Scala code, what might the AST look like? class StringInterp { val int = 42 val dbl = Math.PI val str = "My hovercraft is full of eels" println(s"String: $str Double: $dbl Int: $int Int Expr: ${int * 1.0}") } 8 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
as an experimental feature in Scala 2.10. • Seem to have been adopted fairly quickly: I see them all over the place. • By example, more than a few SQL Libraries have added sql string interpolation prefixes which generate proper JDBC Queries. • AST Knowledge can be somewhat avoided, with some really cool tools to generate it for you. • Much easier than compiler plugins, to add real enhanced functionality to your projects. 11 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
really built with the AST, but lately Macros provide tools to generate ASTs from code (which is what I use, mostly). • The first, and simplest, is reify, which we can use to generate an AST for us. • Let's look first at ‘Def’ Macros, which let us write Macro methods.‡ ‡ I've stolen some code from the official Macros guide for this. 13 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
a printf method which will ‘proxy’ our Macro definition: // Import needed if you're *writing* a macro import scala.language.experimental.macros def printf(format: String, params: Any*): Unit = macro printf_impl This is our macro definition. We also need an implementation. 14 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
c.Expr[String], params: c.Expr[Any]*): c.Expr[Unit] = ??? We'll also want to import (in our printf_impl body) c.universe._. This provides a lot of routine types & functions (such as reify). 15 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
printf calls printf_impl the Macro implementation converts all of our values into syntax trees. But we can use the AST case classes to extract: val Literal(Constant(s_format: String)) = format.tree 16 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
split out the format string, and substitute parameters: val paramsStack = Stack[Tree]((params map (_.tree)): _*) val refs = s_format.split("(?<=%[\\w%])|(?=%[\\w%])") map { case "%d" => precompute(paramsStack.pop, typeOf[Int]) case "%s" => precompute(paramsStack.pop, typeOf[String]) case "%%" => Literal(Constant("%")) case part => Literal(Constant(part)) } You'll note some references to precompute... which is another fun ball full of AST. 17 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
ourselves) helps us convert our varargs params into AST statements we can reuse: val evals = ListBuffer[ValDef]() def precompute(value: Tree, tpe: Type): Ident = { val freshName = TermName(c.fresh("eval$")) evals += ValDef(Modifiers(), freshName, TypeTree(tpe), value) Ident(freshName) } In particular, we're generating a substitute name, and saving into evals all of the params into value definitions. 18 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
together. Here, reify is used to simplify the need to generate AST objects, doing it for us: val stats = evals ++ refs.map { ref => reify( print(c.Expr[Any](ref).splice) ).tree } // our return from `printf_impl` c.Expr[Unit](Block(stats.toList, Literal(Constant(())))) Note we're using print, not println, so each individual ref (a.k.a block of string) is printed, using a value from evals. splice helps us graft a reify block onto the syntax tree. 19 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
printf("%s: %d", "The Answer", 42) The Answer: 42 We could, on the console, use reify to see how Scala expands our code: import scala.reflect.runtime.universe._ reify(printf("%s: %d", "The Answer", 42)) res1: reflect.runtime.universe.Expr[Unit] = Expr[Unit](PrintfMacros.printf("%s: %d", "The Answer", 42)) * NOTE: You need to define your macros in a separate project / library from anywhere you call it. 20 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
of the AST? I actually printed it out using reify: println(showRaw(reify { class StringInterp { val int = 42 val dbl = Math.PI val str = "My hovercraft is full of eels" println(s"String: $str Double: $dbl Int: $int Int Expr: ${int * 1.0}") } }.tree)) .tree will replace the reify ‘expansion’ code with the AST associated. showRaw converts it to a printable format for us. 21 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
yet – to avoid the AST Completely. But the Macro system continues to improve to give us ways to use it less and less. • quasiquotes, added in Scala 2.11, lets us write the equivalent of String Interpolation code that ‘evals’ to a Syntax Tree. • We aren't going to go through a Macro build with quasiquotes (yet), but let's look at what they do in the console... 23 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
implicits we need in scope for QuasiQuotes Ah, the joy of imports... import language.experimental.macros import reflect.macros.Context import scala.annotation.StaticAnnotation import scala.reflect.runtime.{universe => ru} import ru._ Now we're ready to generate some Syntax Trees! 24 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
Interpolation, but we place a q in front of our string instead of s: scala> q"def echo(str: String): String = str" res4: reflect.runtime.universe.DefDef = def echo(str: String): String = str 25 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
project for Scala is evolving quickly. • They release and add new features far more frequently than Scala does. • “Macro Paradise” is a compiler plugin meant to bring the Macro improvements into Scala¶ as they become available. • One of the features currently in Macro Paradise is Macro Annotations. • You can learn more about Macro Paradise at http:/ /docs.scala-lang.org/ overviews/macros/paradise.html ¶ focused on reliability with the current production release of Scala 29 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
build annotations that expand via Macros. • The possibilites are endless, but there's a great demo repository that shows how to combine Annotations & quasiquotes to rewrite a class... • You can find this code at https:/ /github.com/scalamacros/sbt- example-paradise 30 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
the talk, I showed an odd piece of code. It was annotated, but also referenced a variable that didn't exist: @hello object Test extends App { println(this.hello) } hello doesn't appear to be a member of Test. It certainly isn't defined in App. Instead, the @hello annotation represents a Macro, which rewrites our object definition. 31 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
scala.annotation.StaticAnnotation class hello extends StaticAnnotation { def macroTransform(annottees: Any*) = macro helloMacro.impl } The annotation is declared; Let's look at the implementation. 32 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
Context)(annottees: c.Expr[Any]*): c.Expr[Any] = { import c.universe._ import Flag._ val result = ??? // we'll look at this in a second c.Expr[Any](result) } } All we need now is the code for result to generate an AST. 33 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
be cautious. “When all you have is a hammer, everything starts to look like a thumb...” — me Macros can enable great development, but also hinder it if overused. Think carefully about their introduction, and their impact on your codebase. 36 NY Scala Meetup - Oct. '15
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