Go is a Graph

In this talk, Francesc will explore how source code - and specifically Go source code - can be understood as a graph formed by a syntax tree and other relationships like "defined in" or "calls" etc.

Then we will explore how that data can be stored in Dgraph (a graph DB written purely in Go) with a program written in Go to analyze some Go code (#meta) and what kind of questions we can answer then.

1. Go is a Graph @francesc
2. Francesc Campoy VP of Product at Dgraph Labs @francesc campoy You might know me from: justforfunc.com Google Cloud Platform Podcast About me
3. Agenda - A Graph - A Graph Database in Go - Graphs in Go - Graphs in Go in a Graph Database in Go - …
4. We are hiring! dgraph.io/careers
5. Graphs
6. Steven Spielberg Jaws Jurassic Park genre directed Comedy Thriller Science Fiction directed genre genre genre A movie graph node relationship Legend
7. name: Steven Spielberg name: Jaws year: 1975 name: Jurassic Park year: 1993 genre directed name: Comedy name: Thriller name: Science Fiction directed genre genre genre A movie graph with properties node relationship Legend
8. Graphs in Databases
9. name: Steven Spielberg name: Jaws year: 1975 name: Jurassic Park year: 1993 genre directed name: Comedy name: Thriller name: Science Fiction directed genre genre genre How would you store this in your database?
10. The mapping process can be complex: - one-to-one relationships become foreign keys - one-to-many relationships become foreign keys (repeated foreign keys if reversed) - many-to-many become rows in a new table with multiple foreign keys Traversals require joins which become very expensive quick. A graph in a relational database
11. ID int Name string The “Movie - Director” on a relational DB Movie ID int Name string Year int … DirectorID int FK Director Note: Fetching all the movies directed by a director requires an index for performance.
12. Twilight Zone: The Movie Directed by: - Steven Spielberg - John Landis - Joe Dante - George Miller Good luck migrating the schema! You thought a movie had one director?
13. What is a MovieDirector? We had to modify our logical model to fit the technology, bringing in unnecessary complexity. MovieID int FK DirectorID int FK ID int Name string Year int … ID int Name string The “Movie - Director” on a relational DB Movie Director MovieDirector
14. No foreign keys - You will need to keep many copies of your information. - You will need to keep them all up to date. - At that point, why do you even have a database? Traversals require multiple queries: get element, find property, get next element, etc. A graph in a non-relational database
15. Fetching all the names of the movies directed by a director requires n+1 queries. The “Movie - Director” on a no-SQL DB (A) Director document { “_id”: 111, “name”: “Steven Spielberg”, “movies”: [ 123, 234, 345 ] } Movie document { “_id”: 123, “name”: “Jaws”, “year”: ... } Movie document { “_id”: 234, “name”: “E.T.”, “year”: ... } Movie document { “_id”: 345, “name”: “Jurassic Park”, “year”: ... }
16. So … what if a movie has multiple directors? The “Movie - Director” on a no-SQL DB (B) Director document { “_id”: 111, “name”: “Steven Spielberg”, “movies”: [ { “_id”: 123, “name”: “Jaws”, “year”: … }, { “_id”: 234, “name”: “E.T.”, “year”: … }, { “_id”: 345, “name”: “Jurassic Park”, “year”: … } ] }
17. Director document { “_id”: 111, “name”: “Steven Spielberg”, “movies”: [ { “_id”: 123, “name”: “Jaws”, “year”: … }, { “_id”: 234, “name”: “E.T.”, “year”: … }, { “_id”: 345, “name”: “Jurassic Park”, “year”: … } ] } The “Movie - Director” on a no-SQL DB (C) Movie document { “_id”: 123, “name”: “Jaws”, “year”: ... } Movie document { “_id”: 234, “name”: “E.T.”, “year”: ... } Movie document { “_id”: 345, “name”: “Jurassic Park”, “year”: ... } Now we can fetch all movies for a director in a query … but we might easily lose consistency.
18. Graph Databases
19. No need for mapping, the “whiteboard” model is your model. No need for “joins”: - traversals are fast since relationships point directly to nodes, not keys - “Index-free adjacency” - deep traversals are possible (and efficient) Graph Databases
20. Dgraph Data Modeling
21. Subject-Predicate-Value: Subject Predicate Value Jaws <was recorded in the year> 1975 Subject-Predicate-Object: Subject Predicate Object Jaws <was directed by> Steven Spielberg Subject-Predicate-Value name: Steven Spielberg name: Jaws was directed by name: Jaws year: 1975
22. The previous slide is not 100% accurate, as nodes have their own identifiers. So instead of using strings as identifiers: “Jaws” <was recorded in the year> 1975 “Jaws” <was directed by> “Steven Spielberg” We have Universal Identifiers (UIDs): 0x1 <has name> “Jaws” 0x1 <was recorded in the year> 1975 0x1 <was directed by> 0x2 0x2 <has name> “Steven Spielberg” Dgraph data modeling
23. Given the data from before: 0x1 <has name> “Jaws” 0x1 <was recorded in the year> 1975 0x1 <was directed by> 0x2 0x2 <has name> “Steven Spielberg” - 0x1 and 0x2 are UIDs (Universal IDentifiers). - <has name>, <was recorded in the year>, etc. are predicates. - “Jaws”, “Steven Spielberg”, and 1975 are values. Dgraph data modeling
24. Predicates are always attached to UIDs. We associate values and objects to keys composed by UID + predicate Keys Values 0x1:<has name> “Jaws” 0x1:<was recorded in the year> 1975 0x1:<was directed by> 0x2 0x2:<has name> “Steven Spielberg” Sometimes a value can be an array of UIDs or values. Dgraph data modeling
25. 1. Find the starting nodes for the traversal. 2. Append the predicate name to the UIDs we have so far. 3. Find the values associated to the UID:Predicate pairs. 4. Repeat (2) until the associated values are non UID or query is done. Benefit: values are not involved, keeping memory requirements low. Life of a query
26. Life of a query Example: give me the name of the friends of 0x1234. 0x1234 <is_friends_with> _ <has_name> X 1. Find the node with UID 0x1234 2. Append <is_friends_with> 0x1234 3. Retrieve values from 0x1234:<is_friends_with> [0xABCD, 0xBCDE] a. 0xABCD <has_name> “Diggy” | 0xBCDE <has_name> “Augie” 4. Return [“Diggy”, “Augie”]
27. How do we find the first nodes? We don’t always have the UID of the first node of our traversal. We can find them by the value of one of its predicates! - Node with name “Augie”. - All nodes with a predicate <has_age> larger than 18. - All nodes with a predicate <location> 20mi around SLC. These searches could be very expensive, so we use indices.
28. Indexing in Dgraph Dgraph provides indices on: - Strings: hash, exact, term, fulltext, trigram. - DateTime: year, month, day, hour. - Int, Float, Bool: default value index. - Geo properties : default value index.
29. - Schemas are not required in general. - But indices can only be defined on schema fields. - Be aware of the space requirements of the indices. Example, and indexed name predicate: <name>: string @index(fulltext, hash, term, trigram) . Dgraph schemas and indices
30. 1. Find the starting nodes for the traversal using UIDs or indexes. 2. Append the predicate ID (int) to the UIDs we have so far. 3. Find the values associated to the UID:Predicate pairs. 4. Repeat (2) until the associated values are non UID or query is done. Benefit: values are not involved, keeping memory requirements low. Updated life of a query
31. So … how is this related to Go?
32. What is Go - A programming language. - A community. but really ... - A bunch of zeros and ones!
33. What is Go? '112', '97', '99', '107', '97', '103', '101', '32', '109', '97', '105', '110', '10', '10', '105', '109', '112', '111', '114', '116', '32', '40', '10', '9', '34', '102', '109', '116', '34', '10', '41', '10', '10', '102', '117', '110', '99', '32', '109', '97', '105', '110', '40', '41', '32', '123', '10', '9', '102', '109', '116', '46', '80', '114', '105', '110', '116', '108', '110', '40', '34', '72', '101', '108', '108', '111', '44', '32', '112', '108', '97', '121', '103', '114', '111', '117', '110', '100', '34', '41', '10', '125', '10' package main import “fmt” func main() { fmt.Println(“Hello, Gophers”) }
34. package package IDENT main ; import import STRING "fmt" ; func func IDENT main ( ) What is Go? { IDENT fmt . IDENT Println ( STRING "Hello, Denver" ) ; } ; package main import “fmt” func main() { fmt.Println(“Hello, Gophers”) }
35. What is Go? package main import “fmt” func main() { fmt.Println(“Hello, Gophers”) }
36. I HEARD YOU LIKE GO SO WE WROTE SOME GO PROGRAMS TO PUT SOME GO GRAPHS IN A GRAPH DATABASE WRITTEN IN GO
37. The import graph Package a imports b, b imports c ... Main pieces: - golang.org/x/tools/go/packages - go list - github.com/dgraph-io/dgo
38. Schema <id>: string @index(exact) . <imports>: [uid] @reverse . Sample _:a <id> “main” . _:b <id> “fmt” . _:a <imports> _:b . The import graph
39. Demo time!
40. The import graph
41. Control-Flow Graph package main import “fmt” func main() { if greeting() { fmt.Print(“Hello”) } else { fmt.Print(“Bye”) } fmt.Println(“, Gophers”) }
42. Control-Flow Graph After running x, you might run y. Main pieces: - github.com/golang/tools/go/cfg - github.com/dgraph-io/dgo
43. Schema <block>: string @index(term) . <node>: [uid] . <succ>: [uid] @reverse . <body>: string @index(term) . Sample _:a <block> “block 0 (start)” . _:a <node> _:a1 (number=0) . _:a1 <body> “fmt.Println(“hello”)” . _:a <succ> _:b . Control-flow graph
44. Demo time!
45. Control-Flow Graph
46. Some ideas - A Dgraph powered godoc instance? - Merging all of the graphs! - Types graphs - Graphs as the source for code analysis
47. - bit.ly/go-is-a-graph - github.com/campoy/code-as-graphs - @francesc - francesc@dgraph.io (we’re hiring) Thanks!