by observers within the penumbra of the planet, a cone with opening angle Θ with sin Θ = (R⋆ +Rp )/r, where r is the instantaneous star-planet distance. Right.—Close-up showing the penumbra (thick lines) as well as the antumbra (thin lines) within which the transits are full, as opposed to grazing. are tangent at four contact times tI –tIV , illustrated in Fig- ure 2. (In a grazing eclipse, second and third contact do not occur.) The total duration is Ttot = tIV − tI , the full duration is Tfull = tIII − tII , the ingress duration is ingress and egress. In practice the difference is slight; to leading order in R⋆/a and e, τe − τi ∼ e cosω R⋆ 3 1 − b2 3/2 , (17) Credit Winn (2010) arXiv:1001.2010
16. Kepler-31 phase curves, in the style of figure 3. For the small inner candidate KOI-952.05, the phase is with respect to terest. The Kepler Follow-up spectra of Kepler-32: one sp servatory and one from Keck are weak due to the faintness cross correlation function be and available models is max ∼ 3900 K and ∼ 3600 K, atmospheric parameters are star is cooler than the library able. Both spectra are con sification as a cool dwarf ( [M/H]=0.172). We conserva Teff and log g with uncertain a [M/H] of 0± 0.4 based on t By comparing to the Yonse values for the stellar mass ( (0.53 ± 0.04R⊙ ) that are sli the KIC. We estimate a lum and an age of ≤ 9Gyr. Muirhead et al. (2011) h resolution IR spectrum of K a stellar Teff = 3726+73 −67 , [Fe ing their data via Padova m they inferred a considerably l We encourage further detail properties, as these have con directly affect the sizes and The probability of a star u being the actual host is only ity of a physical companion h This latter number is relative all the transit depths are sma be much larger planets hoste ically diluted. This opens up
seen edge-on, with the observer off the top of the page. The star has radius , and v is defined as the r∗ d the normal to the stellar surface, while . (b) Transit geometry from the perspective of the observer. m p cos v 3. NONLINEAR LIMB DARKENING s a star to be more centrally peaked in brightness compared to a uniform source. This leads to more ng eclipse and creates curvature in the trough. Thus, including limb darkening is important for computing Reference Mandel & Agol (2002); arXiv:astro-ph/0210099 The planet transit model
seen edge-on, with the observer off the top of the page. The star has radius , and v is defined as the r∗ d the normal to the stellar surface, while . (b) Transit geometry from the perspective of the observer. m p cos v 3. NONLINEAR LIMB DARKENING s a star to be more centrally peaked in brightness compared to a uniform source. This leads to more ng eclipse and creates curvature in the trough. Thus, including limb darkening is important for computing Reference Mandel & Agol (2002); arXiv:astro-ph/0210099 The planet transit model
seen edge-on, with the observer off the top of the page. The star has radius , and v is defined as the r∗ d the normal to the stellar surface, while . (b) Transit geometry from the perspective of the observer. m p cos v 3. NONLINEAR LIMB DARKENING s a star to be more centrally peaked in brightness compared to a uniform source. This leads to more ng eclipse and creates curvature in the trough. Thus, including limb darkening is important for computing Reference Mandel & Agol (2002); arXiv:astro-ph/0210099 The planet transit model "…elliptic integral of the third kind…"
seen edge-on, with the observer off the top of the page. The star has radius , and v is defined as the r∗ d the normal to the stellar surface, while . (b) Transit geometry from the perspective of the observer. m p cos v 3. NONLINEAR LIMB DARKENING s a star to be more centrally peaked in brightness compared to a uniform source. This leads to more ng eclipse and creates curvature in the trough. Thus, including limb darkening is important for computing Reference Mandel & Agol (2002); arXiv:astro-ph/0210099 The planet transit model "…elliptic integral of the third kind…" 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 time since transit [days] 100 50 0 relative brightness [ppm]
al. (arXiv:1503.07866) Schölkopf, Hogg, Wang, Foreman-Mackey, et al. (arXiv:1505.03036) Probabilistic modeling—combining physical and data-driven models—enables the discovery of new planets using open data and open source software