microvolt (μV) r a nge a nd a re very we a k, so they must be a mpli f ied a nd f iltered before further processing. • Fe a tures a re interpreted by m a chine le a rning models (pre-tr a ined a nd propriet a ry) to identify cognitive or emotion a l st a tes, or control sign a ls (e.g., left/right movement, concentr a tion levels). • In e a rly Emotiv, r a w EEG v a lues were represented a s 14-bit unsigned integers r a nging from 0 to 16383, with 4000 often considered “neutr a l resting” b a seline in cert a in con f igur a tions 9
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