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フロントエンドのパラダイムを参考にバックエンド開発を再考する / TypeScript による...

Naoya Ito
October 01, 2022

フロントエンドのパラダイムを参考にバックエンド開発を再考する / TypeScript による GraphQL バックエンド開発

2022年10月1日に開催された #postdev での発表です

Naoya Ito

October 01, 2022
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  1. ૒ํͷٕज़తؔ৺ࣄʹΪϟοϓ • ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͷঢ়ଶ؅ཧϞσϧ • σβΠϯγεςϜ • ϓϦϨϯμϦϯά • ŋŋŋ ϑϩϯτΤϯυ

    όοΫΤϯυ • υϝΠϯϞσϧ • ϨΠϠʔυɾΞʔΩςΫνϟ • $234 • ŋŋŋ ૊৫ͷٕज़࿅౓্͕͕Ε͹্͕Δ΄Ͳɺؔ৺ࣄͷΪϟοϓ͕޿͕͍ͬͯͬͨ
  2. ͖͔͚ͬ • ৽نϓϩδΣΫτ্ཱ͕͕ͪΔ • ϑϩϯτΤϯυ͸ 3FBDU3FMBZ3FDPJM Λ࠾༻ • (SBQI2-όοΫΤϯυ ŋŋŋ

    ௕Β͘ 1ZUIPOͰɺΫϥεΛଟ༻ͨ͠ΫϦʔϯΞʔΩςΫνϟ తͳઃܭͰ΍͖͕ͬͯͨɺࠓճ͸Ͳ͏͢Δ͔
  3. 3FBDUͰϑϩϯτΤϯυΛ։ൃ͔ͯ͠Βɺ όοΫΤϯυΛॻ͘ͱŋŋŋ • 3FBDUŋŋŋ খ͞ͳؔ਺Λ૊Έ߹Θͤͯએݴతʹॻ͍͍ͯ͘ • όοΫΤϯυ ŋŋŋ ΫϥεΛͨ͘͞Μॻ͍ͯɺϨΠϠʔΛލ͙ͱ %50Ͱͷ஋٧Ίସ͑Λߦͬ

    ͯɺJOUFSGBDFͰґଘੑͷٯసΛߦͬͯŋŋŋ – ʮŋŋŋϑϩϯτΤϯυͩͱ͜͏͍͏͜ͱɺ͋Μ·Γ΍Βͳ͍ΑͶʯ ։ൃ࣌ͷϝϯλϧϞσϧͷΪϟοϓ͕େ͖͍ ίϯςΩετεΠονͷෛ୲΋େ͖͍
  4. update : Msg -> Model -> ( Model, Cmd Msg

    ) update msg model = case msg of ToggleLike -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map toggleLike model.photo }, Cmd.none ) UpdateComment comment -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map (updateComment comment) model.photo }, Cmd.none ) SaveComment -> ( { model | photo = Maybe.map saveNewComment model.photo }, Cmd.none ) LoadFeed (Ok photo) -> ( { model | photo = Just photo }, Cmd.none ) LoadFeed (Err _) -> ( model, Cmd.none ) viewLikeButton : Photo -> Html Msg viewLikeButton model = let buttonClass = if model.liked then ... div [ class "like-button" ] [ i [ class "fa fa-2x", class buttonClass, onClick ToggleLike ] [] ] &MN 7JFX͸ .PEFMΛඳըɻ Ϣʔβʔૢ࡞ʹԠͯ͡Πϕ ϯτΛૹΔͱŋŋŋ &MNϥϯλΠϜ͕ VQEBUFؔ਺ ΛݺͿɻؔ਺ʹ͸Πϕϯτͷछ ྨʹԠͨ͡Ϟσϧͷঢ়ଶભҠΛ هड़͓ͯ͘͠
  5. 3FDPJM function TextInput() { const [text, setText] = useRecoilState(textState); const

    onChange = (event) => { setText(event.target.value); }; return ( <div> <input type="text" value={text} onChange={onChange} /> <br /> Echo: {text} </div> ); }
  6. ͨͱ͑͹ʮ॓ധ༧໿ʯΛྫʹυϝΠϯϞσϧΛվΊͯߟ͑ͯΈΔ • ͲΜͳ؍఺ʹ஫໨ͯ͠ߟ͑ͯΈΔ΂͖͔ – σʔλߏ଄ – &3ਤ – Ϋϥεͷ࣮૷ –

    ը໘ • ͍ͣΕ΋੩తͳߏ଄ʹয఺Λ౰͍ͯͯΔɻࢹ఺Λม͑ͯΈ͍ͨ – ಈతͳ΋ͷŋŋŋυϝΠϯΠϕϯτ΍ঢ়ଶʹয఺Λ౰ͯͯΈΔͱ
  7. model -> model model -> model event &WFOU)BOEMFS 8FC"QQͳΒ SPVUFS

    %#ʹอଘ͠ Ϩεϙϯε 6* event event ֎ͷੈք ֎ͷੈք ֎ͷੈք Πϕϯτ ˠϞσϧͷঢ়ଶભҠ 🤔 Ͳ͔͜Ͱݟͨͳŋŋŋ
  8. 5BHΫϥεΛ࡞Δ export class Tag { state: 'Unvalidated' | 'Validated' |

    'Created', id: TagId | undefined, groupId: RestaurantGroupId, label: string, icon: TagIcon | undefined, sortOrder: number | undefined, builtin: boolean | undefined }
  9. export class Tag { state: 'Unvalidated' | 'Validated' | 'Created',

    id: TagId | undefined, groupId: RestaurantGroupId, label: string, icon: TagIcon | undefined, sortOrder: number | undefined, builtin: boolean | undefined } ঢ়ଶભҠલʹ͸֬ఆ͠ͳ͍ϓϩύςΟ͕ VOEFGJOFE ʹͳͬͯ͠·͏ŋŋŋ
  10. interface UnvalidatedTag { kind: 'Unvalidated' groupId: string label: string icon?:

    { symbol: string; type: TagIconType; color?: string | null | undefined } | null | undefined } interface ValidatedTag { kind: 'Validated' groupId: RestaurantGroupId label: string icon: TagIcon } export interface CreatedTag { kind: 'Created' id: TagId groupId: RestaurantGroupId label: TagLabel icon: TagIcon sortOrder: number builtin: boolean } //※この型は実際には出番がないので使っていない export type Tag = UnvalidatedTag | ValidatedTag | CreatedTag ͦ͜Ͱঢ়ଶ͝ͱʹܕΛఆٛ͢Δ ঢ়ଶ͕ભҠ͢Δ υϝΠϯΠϕ ϯτ͕ൃੜ͢Δ͝ͱʹϞσϧͷ஋ ͕֬ఆ͍ͯ͘͠ͷ͕એݴͰ͖͍ͯ Δ
  11. l.BLF*MMFHBM4UBUFT6OSFQSFTFOUBCMFz interface User { memberId: MemberId | undefined guestId: GuestId

    | undefined } interface Member { userId: MemberId } interface Guest { guestId: GuestId } type User = Member | Guest औΓಘΔ஋ͷछྨ਺͸֤ଐੑͷੵʹͳΔ ௚ੵ Y ɾ྆ํ VOEFGJOFE ɾ྆ํͷ஋͕ຒ·Δ ͱ͍͏࢓্༷͋Γಘͳ͍ঢ়ଶ͕ੜ·ΕΔ औΓಘΔछྨ਺͸֤ଐੑͷ࿨ ௚࿨   ࢓্༷͋Γಘͳ͍ঢ়ଶ͸දݱ͠ͳ͍ Ϩίʔυ͸ʮ͔ͭ "/% ʯ ϢχΦϯ͸ʮ·ͨ͸ 03 ʯ
  12. ͪ͜ΒΑΓ΋ŋŋŋ export class Tag { state: 'Unvalidated' | 'Validated' |

    'Created', id: TagId | undefined, groupId: RestaurantGroupId, label: string, icon: TagIcon | undefined, sortOrder: number | undefined, builtin: boolean | undefined }
  13. interface UnvalidatedTag { kind: 'Unvalidated' groupId: string label: string icon?:

    { symbol: string; type: TagIconType; color?: string | null | undefined } | null | undefined } interface ValidatedTag { kind: 'Validated' groupId: RestaurantGroupId label: string icon: TagIcon } export interface CreatedTag { kind: 'Created' id: TagId groupId: RestaurantGroupId label: TagLabel icon: TagIcon sortOrder: number builtin: boolean } export type Tag = UnvalidatedTag | ValidatedTag | CreatedTag ͪ͜Βͷํ͕ɺ஋ͷ૊Έ߹Θͤύλʔϯ͕গͳ͘ݫີ
  14. type validateTag = (model: UnvalidatedTag) => ValidatedTag const validateTag: validateTag

    = (model) => { // (省略: 値の validation ...) return { ...model, kind: 'Validated', groupId: RestaurantGroupId(model.groupId), icon: model.icon ? TagIcon(model.icon) : NoIcon(), } } ঢ়ଶΛભҠͤ͞Δεςοϓ ؔ਺ 
  15. ঢ়ଶΛભҠͤ͞Δεςοϓ ؔ਺  type createTag = (model: ValidatedTag) => CreatedTag

    const createTag: CreatedTag = (model) => { return { ...model, kind: 'Created', id: generateTagId(), sortOrder: getTagSortOrder({ groupId: model.groupId }), builtin: false, } } ४උ͕੔ͬͯॳΊͯ஋͕֬ఆ ͢ΔͷΛࣗવʹهड़Ͱ͖Δ ͳ͓ getTagSortOrder ͸ *0͕͋Δ ͨΊ %*͍ͯ͠Δɻࠓճ͸ׂѪ
  16. 3FTVMUܕͰࣦഊͷՄೳੑͷ͋ΔܭࢉΛҰຊಓʹ߹੒͢Δ import { Result, ok, err } from 'neverthrow' function

    itsUnder100(n: number): Result<number, Error> { return n <= 100 ? ok(n) : err(new Error('100より大きい数字です')) } function itsEven(n: number): Result<number, Error> { return n % 2 == 0 ? ok(n) : err(new Error('奇数です')) } function itsPositive(n: number): Result<number, Error> { return n > 0 ? ok(n) : err(new Error('負数です')) } const result = ok(96).andThen(itsUnder100).andThen(itsEven).andThen(itsPositive) result.match( (n) => console.log(n), (error) => { throw error } )
  17. type validateTag = (model: UnvalidatedTag) => Result<ValidatedTag, ValidationError> const validateTag:

    validateTag = (model) => { const groupId = RestaurantGroupId(model.groupId) const label = TagLabel(model.label) const icon = model.icon ? TagIcon(model.icon) : ok(NoIcon()) const values = Result.combine(tuple(groupId, label, icon)) return values.map(([groupId, label, icon]) => ({ ...model, kind: 'Validated', groupId, label, icon, })) } ঢ়ଶભҠͷ੒ޭ ࣦഊΛ 3FTVMUܕͰฦ͢Α͏ʹ͢Δ ஋ͷੜ੒ʹࣦഊ͢ΔՄೳੑ͕͋ΔͷͰɺ ͜ΕΒ΋ 3FTVMUܕΛฦ͢
  18. 3FTVMUܕͰঢ়ଶભҠؔ਺Λܨ͛ͯɺϫʔΫϑϩʔ υϝΠϯϩδοΫ Λ࡞Δ type WorkFlow = (model: UnvalidatedTag) => Result<CreatedTag,

    CreateTagError> export const createTagWorkFlow: WorkFlow = (model) => ok(model).andThen(validateTag).andThen(createTag)
  19. (SBQI2-SFTPMWFS3FQPTJUPSZ %# ͱϫʔΫϑϩʔΛ઀ଓ͢Δ import { saveCreatedTag } from '../../../customers/repos/tagRepository' export

    const createTagMutation = mutationField('createTag', { ... resolve(_root, { input }, context) { const workflow = createTagWorkFlow() // GraphQL 入力をワークフローの入力に変換 const unvalidatedTag = toUnvalidatedTag({ ...input, groupId: context.operator.groupId, }) // ワークフローを実行し Repository パターンの関数で DB に保存 (ここも Result で繋ぐ) const result = ok(unvalidatedTag).andThen(workflow).andThen(saveCreatedTag(context)) return result.match( (tag) => ({ tag: { ...tag, id: toGlobalId('Tag', tag.id), }, }), (error) => { // ここで初めて例外をスロー (単に Nexus にエラーを伝える手段としてスローする) throw error } ) }, })
  20. σʔλϑϩʔϓϩάϥϛϯά • 3FTVMUܕͰࣦഊͷ͋ΔܭࢉΛ߹੒͠ɺσʔλͷ௨Γಓͱͯ͠ͷܭࢉաఔΛ࡞Δ – ͦ͜ʹσʔλΛ์ΓࠐΉͱɺͦͷதΛ௨ͬͯঢ়ଶભҠͨ͠σʔλ͕ಘΒΕΔ – σʔλΛσʔλͷ··ɺͦͷՄൖੑΛԼ͛ͣʹѻ͍͍ͨɻ݁Ռ class ͷొ৔ػձ͕ͳ͍ •

    ܭࢉΛҰຊಓʹ͢Δ – େҬ୤ग़͸͠ͳ͍ɻେҬ୤ग़͢Δͱܭࢉ͕ҰຊಓʹͳΒͳ͍ ˠྫ֎Λ࢖Θͳ͍ – ࣦഊͷ෼ذ͸ 3FTVMUͰ߹੒ ˞3FTVMUܕ͸Ϟφυ – ܭࢉ͕ҰຊಓʹͳΔ σʔλ͸ෆมɻೝ஌ෛՙ͕௿͘ͳΔ
  21. ϑϩϯτΤϯυͱͷൺֱ • ࣌ܥྻʹجͮ͘ঢ়ଶભҠ σʔλϑϩʔ Λએݴతʹهड़͢Δɺͱ͍͏ߟ͑ํ͸ಉ͡ʹͳͬͨ – ܕͱখ͞ͳؔ਺ͷએݴతͳهड़ͰɺϑϩʔΛ૊Έ্͛Δ • ҰํɺϫʔΫϑϩʔͷ࣮૷Λ͍ͯ͠Δͱ͖ͷײ֮ʹ͸·ͩڑ཭͕͋Δ –

    υϝΠϯΠϕϯτͰঢ়ଶભҠɺͱ͍ͬͯ΋ଟ͘ͷ৔߹͸ʮ7BMJEBUFͯ͠ɺೖྗͰυϝΠϯϞσϧ Λߋ৽͢Δʯ͚ͩ • ݁ՌɺϫʔΫϑϩʔ͸ఆܕతͳهड़͕ଟ͘ͳΔ ŋŋŋ ϑϨʔϜϫʔΫԽͰ͖Δ͔΋ • ϑϩϯτΤϯυ͸ͦ͜Λ 3FBDU΍ &MNͳͲͷϑϨʔϜϫʔΫ͕΍͍ͬͯΔ ͔ͩΒɺΠϕϯτʹର͢ΔϞ σϧͷঢ়ଶભҠͱɺͦͷঢ়ଶΛදݱ͢ΔϓϨθϯςʔγϣϯͷهड़ʹूதͰ͖Δ • ΠϕϯτͱΠϕϯτͷͭͳ͗߹Θͤ ྫ3FTVMUܕʹΑΔ߹੒ Λࣗ෼Ͱهड़͍ͯ͠Δͷ͕ݱঢ়
  22. ัଊ • 5ZQF4DSJQUʹ૊ΈࠐΈͷ 3FTVMUܕ͸ͳ͍ͷͰɺOFWFSUISPXΛ࢖ͬͨɻଞʹ΋ GQUTͳͲͷީิ͕͋Δ • 3FTVMUܕ͸ XPSLGMPXͷߏ੒͚ͩͰͳ͋͘ΒΏΔ৔ॴͰ࢖͏ • Ұํʮ3FTVMUܕύζϧʯʹ͸·Δ͕࣌͋Δŋŋŋ

    • ঺հ࢓੾Εͳ͔͕ͬͨ 1SPNJTF΋ 3FTVMU"TZODʹΑͬͯ 3FTVMUԽͯ͠߹੒Ͱ͖Δ • %PNBJO.PEFMJOH.BEF'VODUJPOBM ʹ͍ͭͯ – ॻ੶ͷఏҊख๏ͦͷ··ͩͱτϥϯβΫγϣϯεΫϦϓτʹͳΓڽूੑ͕௿͘ͳΔɻ ͨͩ͠ *0͸͖ͪΜͱ෼཭͞Ε͍ͯΔͷͰɺΑ Γྑ͍τϥϯβΫγϣϯεΫϦϓτͩͱ͸ࢥ͏ ΤϯςΟςΟͷܕͷपΓʹυϝΠϯϩδοΫͷؔ਺ΛूΊΔ͜ͱͰͦͷ໰୊͸ղফ Ͱ͖͍ͯΔ – ͋ΒΏΔϓϩύςΟʹܕΛఆٛ͢ΔυϝΠϯϓϦϛςΟϒతͳख๏Λ࠾͍ͬͯΔ͕ɺͦ͜͸࠾༻͠ͳ͔ͬͨɻ7BMVF0CKFDUͷΈ /PNJOBMͳܕఆٛΛܕͷϒϥϯυԽ ˞ΦϥΠϦʔͷ 5ZQF4DSJQUຊࢀর ʹΑͬͯߦ͍ͬͯΔ – 3FQPTJUPSZ͸ඞཁͳ͍ͱॻ͔Ε͍͕ͯͨɺू໿Λ͔ͤͬ͘ߏ੒͍ͯ͠ΔͷͰैདྷ௨Γ 3FQPTJUPSZύλʔϯͰू໿୯ҐͰͷӬଓԽ Λߦ͍ͬͯΔɻͳ͓ɺ3FQPTJUPSZͷத਎͸ 1SJTNBΛ࢖͍ͬͯΔ • UZQFͱ JOUFSGBDFͷ࢖͍෼͚ ŋŋŋ GQUTʹ฿͍ͬͯΔɻಛʹͦ͏͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒ͍ཧ༝͸ͳ͍ͱࢥ͏ • ؔ਺͕σϑΥϧτͰΧϦʔԽ͞Εͳ͍ͷ͸࢓ํ͕ͳ͍ɻ࣌ંΧϦʔԽͨ͠ͷΛ๨Εͯ͸·Δ • SFBEPOMZ͸ԣணͯ͠ɺ࢖ͬͯͳ͍ɻ ͪΌΜͱݕ౼͍ͯ͠ͳ͍
  23. ࢀߟจݙ • 4DPUU8MBTDIJO ʮ%PNBJO.PEFMJOH.BEF'VODUJPOBMᴷ5BDLMF4PGUXBSF$PNQMFYJUZXJUI%PNBJO%SJWFO %FTJHOBOE'ʯ  • +FSFNZ'BJSCBOL ஶ ϠΪͷ͘͞ΒͪΌΜ

    ຋༁ ʮϓϩάϥϛϯά&MNᴷ҆શͰϝϯςφϯε͠΍͍͢ϑϩϯτΤϯυ ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ։ൃೖ໳ʯ  • ླ໦ ྅ଠ ʮϓϩΛ໨ࢦ͢ਓͷͨΊͷ5ZQF4DSJQUೖ໳ ᴷ ҆શͳίʔυͷॻ͖ํ͔Βߴ౓ͳܕͷ࢖͍ํ·Ͱʯ  • #PSJT$IFSOZ ஶ ࠓଜ ݠ࢜ ؂म ݪ ོจ ຋༁ ʮϓϩάϥϛϯά5ZQF4DSJQUʕεέʔϧ͢Δ+BWB4DSJQUΞϓϦέʔ γϣϯ։ൃʯ • ௚ੵܕͱ௚࿨ܕʹ͍ͭͯ – ʮू߹ͱͯ͠ͷܕ u"O*OUSPEVDUJPOUP&MNʯ IUUQTHVJEFFMNMBOHKQBQQFOEJYUZQFT@BT@TFUTIUNM – ʮͳͥ࣍ʹֶͿݴޠ͸ؔ਺ܕͰ͋Δ΂͖͔ʯ IUUQTZNPUPOHQPPIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ