CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

Crude drugs are naturally occurring substances derived from plants, animals, or minerals that have undergone no processing other than collection and drying. Because thousands of natural materials possess medicinal properties, organizing them systematically is essential for identification, quality control, and pharmacological study.

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1. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
2. INTRODUCTION Crude drugs derived from natural sources (plants, animals, minerals) are arranged systematically for effective study. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
3. 1. ALPHABETICAL CLASSIFICATION Method: Arranged in alphabetical order (A–Z) by Latin, English, or vernacular (local) names. Used in: Pharmacopoeias and reference books (e.g., Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), British Pharmacopoeia (BP), USP, European Pharmacopoeia). Examples: A: Acacia, Agar, Amla, Ashoka, Aconite, Arjuna PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P. B: Benzoin, Belladonna, Bahera, Bentonite, Beeswax C: Clove, Cinchona, Chirata, Cinnamon, Cumin
4. 1. ALPHABETICAL CLASSIFICATION Advantages: • Simple and quick to use. • Prevents duplicate entries. • Easy drug tracking. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P. Disadvantages: • No scientific/botanical relationship between consecutive entries. • Gives no information about chemical nature or therapeutic use.
5. 2. TAXONOMICAL (BIOLOGICAL) CLASSIFICATION Method: Arranged according to biological hierarchy: Examples: PHYLUM DIVISION CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES • Liquorice: Leguminosae →Glycyrrhiza glabra • Belladonna: Solanaceae →Atropa belladonna PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
6. 2. TAXONOMICAL (BIOLOGICAL) CLASSIFICATION Advantages: Helpful in studying evolutionary development and scientific relationships. Disadvantages: Fails to correlate chemical constituents and pharmacological activity. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
7. 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Method: Grouped according to the plant/animal part used (leaves, bark, roots, etc.). Divided into: Organized (Cellular) Drugs: Direct anatomical parts containing cellular tissues. Unorganized (Acellular) Drugs: Non-cellular products obtained via incision, drying, or extraction (juices, gums, resins, oils). PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
8. COMPARISON: ORGANIZED VS. UNORGANIZED DRUGS Parameter Organized Drugs Unorganized Drugs Origin Direct plant/animal parts (leaves, bark, flowers) Derived via extraction, drying, or incisions Structure Contain definite cellular structure Acellular (no cell structure) Identification Microscopic characteristics Physical and chemical tests Examples Digitalis, Cinchona, Clove, Ephedra Aloe, Agar, Opium, Castor oil, Beeswax PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
9. PLANT PART EXAMPLES: Leaves: Digitalis, Senna, Eucalyptus, Tulsi,Vasaka Barks: Cinchona, Cinnamon, Ashoka, Arjuna Woods: Sandalwood, Quassia Flowering parts: Clove, Saffron, Chamomile Fruits: Amla, Cardamom, Fennel, Coriander Seeds: Nux vomica, Isabgol, Nutmeg, Mustard Roots & Rhizomes: Ginger, Turmeric, Rauwolfia, Ashwagandha Dried Latex / Juice: Opium, Papain / Aloe, Kino Gums & Resins: Acacia, Tragacanth / Asafoetida, Benzoin, Colophony Volatile Oils: Peppermint, Eucalyptus, Clove, Lemon grass Advantages: Very convenient for physical identification and detecting adulterants. Disadvantages: Provides no chemical or therapeutic information. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
10. 4. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION Chemical Class Examples Alkaloids Nux vomica, Ergot, Cinchona, Datura, Rauwolfia, Opium Glycosides Digitalis, Senna, Aloe, Liquorice, Dioscorea, Ginseng  Method: Grouped based on the primary active chemical constituent present. Lipids & Volatile Oils Peppermint, Clove, Eucalyptus, Chaulmoogra oil, Garlic Tannins Amla, Ashoka, Arjuna, Black catechu, Myrobalan Resins & Combinations Asafoetida, Benzoin, Cannabis, Capsicum, Colocynth Carbohydrates Acacia, Agar, Guar gum, Honey, Isabgol, Starch Proteins & Enzymes Papain, Gelatin, Trypsin, Casein PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
11. 4. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION Advantages: Ideal for phytochemical and drug discovery studies. Disadvantages: Drugs containing multiple active chemical classes are difficult to classify under a single group. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
12. 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL (THERAPEUTIC) CLASSIFICATION Method: Grouped according to therapeutic action or effect on body systems, regardless of morphology or taxonomy. Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): Bitters: Quassia, Gentian, Cinchona Carminatives: Fennel, Cardamom, Mentha Emetics: Ipecac Laxatives/Purgatives: Senna, Castor oil, Isabgol, Agar Cardiovascular System (CVS): Cardiotonic: Digitalis, Strophanthus Cardiac depressant: Cinchona Vasoconstrictor: Ergot Antihypertensive: Rauwolfia PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
13. 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL (THERAPEUTIC) CLASSIFICATION Central Nervous System (CNS): Analgesic: Opium (morphine) Stimulant: Tea, Coffee Depressant: Belladonna, Opium Respiratory System: Expectorant: Vasaka, Liquorice Antitussive: Opium (codeine) Bronchodilator: Ephedra,Tea PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
14. 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL (THERAPEUTIC) CLASSIFICATION Advantages: Helps suggest therapeutic substitutes when a specific drug is unavailable. Disadvantages: Drugs with multiple pharmacological actions cause confusion and duplicate classification. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
15. 6. CHEMOTAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION Method: Combines taxonomy (plant family/genus) and phytochemistry (chemical constituents) to classify drugs based on chemical similarities within related plant groups. Examples: Significance: Modern classification system that helps understand plant biosynthesis, evolutionary history, and active principles. Tropane alkaloids characteristic of the Solanaceae family (e.g., Datura, Belladonna). Berberine found in Berberis and Argemone. Rutin found in the Rutaceae family. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.
16. THANK YOU PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, AYODHYA U.P.