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Introduction to Event Sourcing and CQRS (Sunshi...

Introduction to Event Sourcing and CQRS (Sunshine PHP 2017)

Have you heard about event sourcing and wondered what it is all about? Have you looked into it and wondered what sort of sorcery is going on behind the scenes that makes this magical technology work? Are you convinced that you cannot possibly move your existing applications to be event sourced? Take a step back and learn how event sourcing can be applied to a simple database-backed object model with little to no fuss. From there, see how you can start adding read models and begin to see how event sourcing and CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) go hand in hand!

Beau Simensen

February 02, 2017
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  1. Domain-Driven Design and finding "purity" (I believe the latter has

    contributed greatly to my occasional grumpiness)
  2. class Post { /** @var string */ private $id; /**

    @var string */ private $title; /** @var string */ private $content; /** @var string */ private $category; /** @var bool[] */ private $tags = []; }
  3. class Post { public function __construct($id) { $this->id = $id;

    } public function getId() { return $this->id; } public function getTitle() { return $this->title; } public function getContent() { return $this->content; } public function getCategory() { return $this->category; } public function getTags() { return array_keys($this->tags); } }
  4. class Post { public function publish($title, $content, $category) { $this->title

    = $title; $this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; } public function addTag($tag) { $this->tags[$tag] = true; } public function removeTag($tag) { if (isset($this->tags[$tag])) { unset($this->tags[$tag]); } } }
  5. UI Requirement #1 We MUST be able to see a

    count of the number of posts with each category.
  6. // Raw SQL SELECT COUNT(*) FROM post GROUP BY category

    ... or using the (No)SQL-Like language or query builder thingy for your ORM/ODM of choice
  7. UI Requirement #2 We MUST be able to see a

    count of the number of posts with each tag.
  8. // Raw SQL (maybe?) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM post_tags WHERE tag

    = :tag GROUP BY tag ... since tags is array-ish, this depends quite a bit on the underlying implementation...
  9. // Raw SQL (maybe?) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM post_tags WHERE tag

    = :tag GROUP BY tag Oh, btw, did you serialize a raw array into your column? You're probably out of luck!
  10. Exposing a query builder could turn out to be a

    lot of work And would likely leak implementation details (Think: post_tags)
  11. class Post { public function publish($title, $content, $category) { /**

    */ } public function addTag($tag) { /** */ } public function removeTag($tag) { /** */ } }
  12. class Post { // PostWasPublished, PostWasCategorized, PostWasUncategorized public function publish($title,

    $content, $category) { /** */ } public function addTag($tag) { /** */ } public function removeTag($tag) { /** */ } }
  13. class Post { // PostWasPublished, PostWasCategorized, PostWasUncategorized public function publish($title,

    $content, $category) { /** */ } // PostWasTagged public function addTag($tag) { /** */ } public function removeTag($tag) { /** */ } }
  14. class Post { // PostWasPublished, PostWasCategorized, PostWasUncategorized public function publish($title,

    $content, $category) { /** */ } // PostWasTagged public function addTag($tag) { /** */ } // PostWasUntagged public function removeTag($tag) { /** */ } }
  15. class Post implements RecordsEvents { // // Could be implemented

    as a base class / trait // private $recordedEvents = []; public function getRecordedEvents() { return $this->recordedEvents; } protected function recordEvent($event) { $this->recordedEvents[] = $event; } }
  16. class Post { public function addTag($tag) { if (isset($this->tags[$tag])) {

    return; } $this->tags[$tag] = true; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasTagged( $this->id, $tag )); } }
  17. class Post { public function removeTag($tag) { if (! isset($this->tags[$tag]))

    { return; } unset($this->tags[$tag]); $this->recordEvent(new PostWasUntagged( $this->id, $tag )); } }
  18. class Post { public function publish($title, $content, $category) { $this->uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category);

    $this->title = $title; $this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; } private uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category) { if ($category === $this->category || ! $this->category) { return; } $this->recordEvent(new PostWasUncategorized( $this->id, $this->category )); } }
  19. class Post { public function publish($title, $content, $category) { $this->uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category);

    $this->categorizeIfCatagoryChanged($category); $this->title = $title; $this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; } private categorizeIfCatagoryChanged($category) { if ($category === $this->category) { return; } $this->recordEvent(new PostWasCategorized( $this->id, $this->category )); } }
  20. use Doctrine\Common\EventSubscriber; class DoctrinePostSubscriber implements EventSubscriber { private $eventBus; public

    function __construct($eventBus) { $this->eventBus = $eventBus; } public function getSubscribedEvents() { return ['postPersist']; } public function postPersist(EventArgs $eventArgs) { $object = $eventArgs->getObject(); if ($object instanceof RecordsEvents) { $this->eventBus->dispatchAll($object->getRecordedEvents()); } } }
  21. class SomePostRepository implements PostRepository { private $eventBus; public function __construct(/**

    ... */, $eventBus) { // ... $this->eventBus = $eventBus; } public function save($post) { // ... $this->eventBus->dispatchAll($post->getRecordedEvents()); } }
  22. class RecordedEventDispatchingPostRepository implements PostRepository { private $postRepository; private $eventBus; public

    function __construct(PostRepository $postRepository, $eventBus) { $this->postRepository = $postRepository; $this->eventBus = $eventBus; } public function find($id) { return $this->postRepository->find($id); } public function findAll() { return $this->postRepository->findAll(); } public function save($post) { $this->postRepository->save($post); $this->eventBus->dispatchAll($post->getRecordedEvents()); } }
  23. class PostTagCount { private $tag; private $count; public function __construct($tag,

    $count) { $this->tag = $tag; $this->count = $count; } public function getTag() { return $this->tag; } public function getCount() { return $this->count; } }
  24. class RedisPostTagCountRepository implements PostTagCountRepository { const KEY = 'post_tag_count'; private

    $redis; public function __construct($redis) { $this->redis = $redis; } }
  25. class RedisPostTagCountRepository implements PostTagCountRepository { public function increment($tag) { $this->redis->hincrby(static::KEY,

    $tag, 1); } public function decrement($tag) { $this->redis->hincrby(static::KEY, $tag, -1); } }
  26. class RedisPostTagCountRepository implements PostTagCountRepository { public function find($tag) { $count

    = $this->redis->hget(static::KEY, $tag); if (is_null($count)) { return null; } return new PostTagCount($tag, $count); } public function findAll() { $results = []; foreach ($this->redis->hgetall(static::KEY) as $tag => $count) { $results[] = new PostTagCount($tag, $count); } return $results; } }
  27. class PostCategoryCount { private $category; private $count; public function __construct($category,

    $count) { $this->category = $category; $this->count = $count; } public function getCategory() { return $this->category; } public function getCount() { return $this->count; } }
  28. interface PostCategoryCountRepository { public function find($category); public function findAll(); public

    function increment($category); public function decrement($category); }
  29. class EloquentPostCategoryCountRepository implements PostCategoryCountRepository { public function find($category) { try

    { $post_category_count = PostCategoryCount::firstOrFail([ 'category' => $category, ]); return new PostCategoryCount( $category, $post_category_count->category_count ); } catch (\Exception $e) { return null; } } }
  30. class EloquentPostCategoryCountRepository implements PostCategoryCountRepository { public function increment($category) { DB::transactional(function

    () { $post_category_count = PostCategoryCount::firstOrNew([ 'category' => $category, ]); $post_category_count->category_count++; $post_category_count->save(); }); } }
  31. class EloquentPostCategoryCountRepository implements PostCategoryCountRepository { public function decrement($category) { DB::transactional(function

    () { $post_category_count = PostCategoryCount::firstOrNew([ 'category' => $category, ]); $post_category_count->category_count--; $post_category_count->save(); }); } }
  32. Read Model is not bound in any way to Model's

    persistence layer (though it could be...)
  33. abstract class ConventionBasedProjector implements Projector { public function handle($event) {

    $method = $this->getHandleMethod($event); if (! method_exists($this, $method)) { return; } $this->$method($event, $event); } private function getHandleMethod($event) { $classParts = explode('\\', get_class($event)); return 'apply' . end($classParts); } }
  34. class PostCategoryCountProjector extends ConventionBasedProjector { private $repository; public function __construct(PostCategoryCountRepository

    $repository) { $this->repository = $repository; } public function applyPostWasCategorized(PostWasCategorized $event) { $this->repository->increment($event->category); } public function applyPostWasUncategorized(PostWasUncategorized $event) { $this->repository->decrement($event->category); } }
  35. We've augmented state based Model persistence with event driven Read

    Models to account for specialized query requirements
  36. class Post { public function getId() { return $this->id; }

    public function getTitle() { return $this->title; } public function getContent() { return $this->content; } public function getCategory() { return $this->category; } public function getTags() { return array_keys($this->tags); } }
  37. class Post { public function getId() { return $this->id; }

    //public function getTitle() { return $this->title; } //public function getContent() { return $this->content; } //public function getCategory() { return $this->category; } //public function getTags() { // return array_keys($this->tags); //} }
  38. class PublishedPost { public $id; public $title; public $content; public

    $category; public function __construct($id) { $this->id = $id; } }
  39. class Post { public function publish($title, $content, $category) { $this->uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category);

    $this->categorizeIfCatagoryChanged($category); $this->title = $title; $this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasPublished( $this->id, $title, $content, $category )); } }
  40. class PublishedPostProjector extends ConventionBasedProjector { private $repository; public function __construct(PublishedPostRepository

    $repository) { $this->repository = $repository; } public function applyPostWasPublished(PostWasPublished $event) { $publishedPost = $this->repository->find($event->id); $publishedPost->title = $event->title; $publishedPost->content = $event->content; $publishedPost->category = $event->category; $this->repository->save($publishedPost); } }
  41. Why would this be problematic? class Post { public function

    __construct($id) { $this->id = $id; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasCreated($id)); } }
  42. Every time a new Post is instantiated it would result

    in recording a new PostWasCreated event (not really what we are going for here...)
  43. class Post { public static function create($id) { $instance =

    new static($id); $instance->recordEvent(new PostWasCreated($id)); return $instance; } }
  44. class PublishedPostProjector extends ConventionBasedProjector { public function applyPostWasCreated(PostWasCreated $event) {

    $publishedPost = new PublishedPost($event->id); $this->repository->save($publishedPost); } public function applyPostWasPublished(PostWasPublished $event) { $publishedPost = $this->repository->find($event->id); $publishedPost->title = $event->title; $publishedPost->content = $event->content; $publishedPost->category = $event->category; $this->repository->save($publishedPost); } }
  45. Impact on a controller? // before... Route::get('/post/{id}', function ($id) {

    return view('post')->withPost( $postRepository->find($id) ); }); // after... Route::get('/post/{id}', function ($id) { return view('post')->withPost( $publishedPostRepository->find($id); ); });
  46. What is our stateful model doing for us? Keep in

    mind that Post no longer has getters!
  47. Is state important here? class Post { public function addTag($tag)

    { if (isset($this->tags[$tag])) { return; } $this->tags[$tag] = true; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasTagged( $this->id, $tag )); } }
  48. Is state important here? class Post { public function removeTag($tag)

    { if (! isset($this->tags[$tag])) { return; } unset($this->tags[$tag]); $this->recordEvent(new PostWasUntagged( $this->id, $tag )); } }
  49. Is state important here? class Post { public function publish($title,

    $content, $category) { $this->uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category); $this->categorizeIfCatagoryChanged($category); $this->title = $title; $this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; $event = new PostWasPublished($this->id, $title, $content, $category); $this->recordEvent($event); } }
  50. Is state important here? class Post { public function publish($title,

    $content, $category) { $this->uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category); $this->categorizeIfCatagoryChanged($category); //$this->title = $title; //$this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; $event = new PostWasPublished($this->id, $title, $content, $category); $this->recordEvent($event); } }
  51. What if we find a bug in the projections? Our

    source of truth would be tainted.
  52. Potential solution? ... wouldn't that mean we should be able

    to rebuild the model itself from past events?
  53. class Post { protected function handle($event) { $method = $this->getHandleMethod($event);

    if (! method_exists($this, $method)) { return; } $this->$method($event); } private function getHandleMethod($event) { $classParts = explode('\\', get_class($event)); return 'apply' . end($classParts); } }
  54. class Post { private function __construct() { // $this->id =

    $id; } private function applyPostWasCreated(PostWasCreated $event) { $this->id = $event->id; } }
  55. class Post { public function addTag($tag) { if (isset($this->tags[$tag])) {

    return; } $this->tags[$tag] = true; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasTagged( $this->id, $tag )); } }
  56. class Post { public function addTag($tag) { if (isset($this->tags[$tag])) {

    return; } // $this->tags[$tag] = true; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasTagged( $this->id, $tag )); } private function applyPostWasTagged(PostWasTagged $event) { $this->tags[$event->tag] = true; } }
  57. class Post { public function removeTag($tag) { if (! isset($this->tags[$tag]))

    { return; } unset($this->tags[$tag]); $this->recordEvent(new PostWasUntagged( $this->id, $tag )); } }
  58. class Post { public function removeTag($tag) { if (! isset($this->tags[$tag]))

    { return; } // unset($this->tags[$tag]); $this->recordEvent(new PostWasUntagged( $this->id, $tag )); } private function applyPostWasUntagged(PostWasUntagged $event) { unset($this->tags[$event->tag]); } }
  59. class Post { public function publish($title, $content, $category) { $this->uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category);

    $this->categorizeIfCatagoryChanged($category); $this->title = $title; $this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasPublished( $this->id, $title, $content, $category )); } }
  60. class Post { public function publish($title, $content, $category) { $this->uncategorizeIfCategoryChanged($category);

    $this->categorizeIfCatagoryChanged($category); //$this->title = $title; //$this->content = $content; //$this->category = $category; $this->recordEvent(new PostWasPublished( $this->id, $title, $content, $category )); } private function applyPostWasCategorized(PostWasCategorized $event) { $this->category = $event->category; } }
  61. class Post { private function __construct() { } public static

    function instantiateForReconstitution() { return new static(); } }
  62. $post1 = Post::create(1); $post1->publish('hello', 'world', 'draft'); $post1->addTag('es'); $post1->addTag('cqrs'); $post1->removeTag('es'); $recordedEvents

    = $post1->getRecordedEvents(); // $recordedEvents = [ // new PostWasCreated(1), // new PostWasPublished(1, 'hello', 'world', 'draft'), // new PostWasTagged(1, 'es'), // new PostWasTagged(1, 'cqrs'), // new PostWasUntagged(1, 'es'), // ]; $post2 = Post::instantiateForReconstitution(); $post2->applyRecordedEvents($recordedEvents);
  63. interface EventStore { /** * @param string $identity * @return

    array Previously recorded events */ public function load($identity); /** * @param string $identity * @param array Newly recorded events * @return void */ public function append($identity, array $events); }
  64. EventStoreAndDispatchingPostRepository implements PostRepository { public function save(Post $post) { $recordedEvents

    = $post->getRecordedEvents(); $this->eventStore->append( $post->getId(), $recordedEvents ); $this->eventBus->dispatchAll($recordedEvents); } }
  65. EventStoreAndDispatchingPostRepository implements PostRepository { public function find($id) { $recordedEvents =

    $this->eventStore->load($id); $post = Post::instantiateForReconstitution(); $post->applyRecordedEvents($recordedEvents); return $post; } public function findAll() { // ??? } }
  66. Queries will likely be slow So operations like findAll() may

    be problematic depending on Event Store implementation
  67. Take advantage of CQRS Queries like "find all" should be

    coming from your read model anyway!
  68. $this->scenario ->given([ new PostWasCreated($id), new PostWasCategorized($id, 'news'), new PostWasPublished($id, 'title',

    'content', 'news'), new PostWasTagged($id, 'event-sourcing'), new PostWasTagged($id, 'broadway'), ]) ->when(function (Post $post) { $post->addTag('cqrs'); }) ->then([ new PostWasTagged($id, 'cqrs'), ]) ;
  69. class PostScenario { public function given(array $givens = []) {

    if (! $givens) { $this->post = null; return $this; } $post = Post::instantiateForReconstitution(); $post->applyRecordedEvents($givens); $this->post = $post; return $this; } }
  70. class PostScenario { public function when($when) { if (! is_callable($when))

    { return $this; } if ($this->post) { $when($this->post); } else { $this->post = $when(null); } return $this; } }
  71. class PostScenario { public function then(array $thens) { $this->testCase->assertEquals( $thens,

    $this->post->getRecordedEvents() ); $this->post->clearRecordedEvents(); return $this; } }
  72. What do we need to know in order to be

    able to publish a Post? Route::put('/post/{id}', function ($request, $postRepository, $id) { $post = $postRepository->find($id); $post->publish($request->title, $request->content, $request->category); $postRepository->save($post); return view('post.published'); });
  73. What name should we use for the Command to publish

    a Post? Route::put('/post/{id}', function ($request, $postRepository, $id) { $post = $postRepository->find($id); $post->publish($request->title, $request->content, $request->category); $postRepository->save($post); return view('post.published'); });
  74. class PublishPost { public $id; public $title; public $content; public

    $category; public function __construct($id, $title, $content, $category) { $this->id = $id; $this->title = $title; $this->content = $content; $this->category = $category; } }
  75. Command -> ??? -> Model -> Events -> Event Store

    -> Event Bus -> Projector -> Read Model!
  76. Route::put('/post/{id}', function ($request, $commandBus, $id) { // $post = $postRepository->find($id);

    // $post->publish($request->title, $request->content, $request->category); // $postRepository->save($post); $commandBus->dispatch(new PublishPost( $id, $request->title, $request->content, $request->category )); return view('post.published'); });
  77. Command -> Command Bus -> ??? -> Model -> Events

    -> Event Store -> Event Bus -> Projector -> Read Model!
  78. abstract class ConventionBasedCommandHandler implements CommandHandler { public function handle($command) {

    $method = $this->getHandleMethod($command); if (! method_exists($this, $method)) { return; } $this->$method($command); } private function getHandleMethod($command) { if (! is_object($command)) { throw new CommandNotAnObjectException(); } $classParts = explode('\\', get_class($command)); return 'handle' . end($classParts); } }
  79. class PublishPostHandler extends ConventionBasedCommandHandler { private $postRepository; public function __construct($postRepository)

    { $this->postRepository = $postRepository; } public function handlePublishPost(PublishPost $command) { $post = $this->postRepository->find($command->id); $post->publish( $command->title, $command->content, $command->category ); $this->postRepository->save($post); } }
  80. Route::put('/post/{id}', function ($request, $commandBus, $id) { $commandBus->dispatch(new PublishPost( $id, $request->title,

    $request->content, $request->category )); return view('post.published'); }); class PublishPostHandler { public function handlePublishPost(PublishPost $command) { $post = $this->postRepository->find($command->id); $post->publish( $command->title, $command->content, $command->category ); $this->postRepository->save($post); } }
  81. Command -> Command Bus -> Command Handler -> Model ->

    Events -> Event Store -> Event Bus -> Projector -> Read Model!
  82. $this->scenario ->given([ new PostWasCreated($id), new PostWasCategorized($id, 'news'), new PostWasPublished($id, 'title',

    'content', 'news'), new PostWasTagged($id, 'event-sourcing'), new PostWasTagged($id, 'broadway'), ]) ->when(new TagPost($id, 'cqrs')) ->then([ new PostWasTagged($id, 'cqrs'), ]) ;
  83. class PostHandlerScenario { public function __construct( TestCase $testCase, SpyingEventStore $eventStore,

    $commandHandler ) { $this->testCase = $testCase; $this->eventStore = $eventStore; $this->commandHandler = $commandHandler; } }
  84. class PostHandlerScenario { public function given(array $events = []) {

    if (! $events) { return $this; } foreach ($events as $event) { $this->eventStore->appendEvents($this->id, [$event]); } $this->eventStore->clearRecordedEvents(); return $this; } }
  85. class PostHandlerScenario { public function then(array $events = []) {

    $this->testCase->assertEquals( $events, $this->eventStore->getRecordedEvents() ); $this->eventStore->clearRecordedEvents(); return $this; } }
  86. abstract class AbstractPostHandlerTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase { protected $scenario; public function

    setUp() { $eventStore = new SpyingEventStore(new InMemoryEventStore()); $eventBus = new SimpleEventBus(); $postRepository = new SuperAwesomePostRepository($eventStore, $eventBus); $this->scenario = new PostHandlerScenario( $this, $eventStore, $this->createCommandHandler($postRepository) ); } abstract protected function createCommandHandler(PostRepository $postRepository); }
  87. class CreatePostHandlerTest extends AbstractPostHandlerTest { /** @test */ public function

    it_can_create() { $id = 'my-id'; $this->scenario ->when(new CreatePost($id)) ->then([ new PostWasCreated($id), ]) ; } protected function createCommandHandler(PostRepository $postRepository) { return new CreatePostHandler($postRepository); } }