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Controlling Hardware with Python

dbrgn
October 29, 2015

Controlling Hardware with Python

A presentation I held at the Zurich Python User Group in October 2015. It talks about hardware and Python.

dbrgn

October 29, 2015
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  1. 2 - Leading Digital Marketing agency in Switzerland - Owner-managed

    and independent - Established in 2009 - Based in Zurich and Lausanne - Portfolio of 120+ national and international brands - Full coverage of digital performance path - Sparring partner for ambitious organizations - Own software development team Webrepublic
  2. 3 - Software Engineer - Mostly interested in Python and

    Rust - Bought a Raspberry Pi the day it became available - Founded a Hackerspace in Rapperswil in 2013 (coredump.ch) - NOT a hardware or electronics expert! =) Twitter: @dbrgn Blog: blog.dbrgn.ch Me
  3. 4 Agenda 1. Linux, Python and Hardware 2. The Raspberry

    Pi 2 Hardware 3. Electronics Crashcourse 4. Example: Simple Circuit 5. Input 6. Example: Using the RPLCD Library 7. RPLCD Implementation Details
  4. 5 - I’ll try to keep the language as simple

    as possible. - Target audience: Python developers (maybe of the webdev flavor) that have no or little experience with hardware. - Correct me if something is wrong, but... - ...simplifications are being used on purpose. This isn’t a lecture. ETA: 60–90 minutes About this talk
  5. 7 - Usually C/C++ or Assembly is being used to

    control hardware - Realtime performance / exact timing is often important - Deterministic runtimes: Knowing how long a CPU cycle takes Controlling Hardware with Code
  6. 8 - A regular Linux kernel does not guarantee timing

    - The Linux kernel can be configured to guarantee specific response times - The Raspbian kernel is not realtime - (I won’t get into the details of what defines “realtime” =)) Why Linux?
  7. 9 - Python is a high-level garbage collected language -

    Not terribly well suited for controlling hardware - No timing guarantees due to GC pauses Why Python?
  8. 10 - Turns out that timing is not always that

    important - Python is easy to learn - Python is easy to use - Good to get started with hardware Then why Linux + Python?
  9. 12 - 900 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 CPU - 1 GiB

    RAM - 4 USB Ports - 40 GPIO Pins - HDMI / Ethernet / Audio Jack / Composite Video / Camera Interface / Display Interface / MicroSD - Serial communication: UART / I²C / SPI - Other stuff I haven’t covered here The Raspberry Pi 2
  10. 13 - GPIO stands for General Purpose Input / Output

    - Pins to communicate with external devices - This is what they look like: - Pin numbering: UART, I²C, ARM, GPIO, WTF?
  11. 14 - Complicated abbreviations make everything sound hard - Most

    stuff is actually easy - Never think “this is too hard for me”! - Here are some (simplified) translations: - GPIO: “Wires sticking out of the hardware that can be set to 5V or 0V” - UART: “Two wires for sending and receiving” - Bus: “A cable with many devices on it” - SPI: “Like UART with support for multiple devices and faster” - Syscalls: The Linux kernel API - Driver: “An API client that sends 1’s and 0’s through a wire” - Kernel driver: “A driver that is a pain to debug” - Interrupt: “A high-priority callback” Public Service Announcement
  12. 16 - You can stick cables into these pins. -

    Make sure you use the right pin. - You’re responsible for the wiring! Avoid short circuits. - Using a breadboard helps. Back to the GPIO
  13. 17 - A breadboard helps you to connect wires. -

    This is how it works: What is a “breadboard”?
  14. 18 - A “short” is short for “short circuit” -

    This means that you connect a voltage source (e.g. the 5V pin) with the ground pin without having anything in between that uses some of the current. - The “something in between” could be a resistor or a LED - Don’t do it! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqyUtQv1WoQ What is a “short” or “shorting”?
  15. 19 - You need to configure the pins as either

    input- or output-pins - They use 3.3V internally, so don’t feed them 5V! - Maximum current draw per GPIO pin is 16 mA. - Maximum current draw for all GPIO pins is 50 mA. http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/a/9299/6793 Important facts about the GPIO pins - What is a “mA”?
  16. 22 - Movement of electrons through a conductor - Electrons

    are negatively charged - Electrons move from one side of a power source to the other side. - Measured in Amperes (A, Amps), symbol is I - Analogue to the amount of water in a pipe What is current?
  17. 23 - Electronic potential difference between two points - Analogue

    to the pressure in a pipe - Measured in Volts (V, Voltage), symbol is U - An AA battery has 1.3–1.5 V - The Swiss electricity grid uses ~230V What is voltage?
  18. 24 - Something that hinders the flow of electricity -

    Measured in Ohms (Ω), symbol is R - A resistor or an LED has some resistance - An open switch has infinite resistance What is resistance (R)?
  19. 25 - The most important formula you need to know.

    - R is resistance, U is voltage, I is current - Example: If you increase the resistance but still want the same current flow, then you need to increase the voltage. If voltage stays the same, the current decreases. Ohm’s Law
  20. 26 - For electricity to flow, a circuit always needs

    to be closed. - For a simple circuit, that’s easy. - For multiple connected circuits, that’s also easy! You just need Kirchhoff's circuit laws. Google them! Circuits
  21. 29 Capacitors - Think of them as a small battery

    that can be charged and discharged very quickly - Measured in Farad (F)
  22. 30 LEDs - Need no introduction - Only allow current

    to flow in one direction! - Legs are called “anode” (+, long leg) and “cathode” (-, short leg)
  23. 31 Diodes - Allow current to flow only in one

    direction - Like a valve - A LED is a special version of a diode
  24. 32 Transistors - Kind of important for computers :) -

    Think of them like an electrical switch - If you feed enough current to the base B, the current flows freely from the collector C to the emitter E (for a N-channel BJT transistor). There are also other variants. - Can also be used as amplifiers.
  25. 33 MOSFETs - A special type of transistor (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-

    effect transistor). - Needs voltage instead of current at the base (called “gate”) - Can be used to switch high-power devices with low-power microcontrollers
  26. 37 - Add a resistor to avoid frying your GPIO

    pins - Circuit goes from a GPIO pin to GND (0V) Connect to GPIO pins
  27. 38 By setting the GPIO pin to HIGH (3.3 V)

    we can turn the LED on. import RPi.GPIO as GPIO led = 18 GPIO.setup(led, GPIO.OUT) GPIO.output(led, 1) Controlling the GPIO pins
  28. 39 You can use a regular loop to toggle the

    LED every second. import RPi.GPIO as GPIO import time led = 18 GPIO.setup(led, GPIO.OUT) state = 1 while True: GPIO.output(led, state) state ^= 1 time.sleep(1) Blinking the LED
  29. 40 If you want to be a good citizen™, clean

    up after every program to make pins available again to other scripts. try: main_loop() except Exception: GPIO.cleanup() Don’t forget to clean up
  30. 42 Let’s read the state of a button and turn

    on the LED accordingly. Reading Input
  31. 44 We can set a GPIO pin to INPUT mode.

    If we don’t push the button, the GPIO pin “floats”. It is neither always HIGH nor always LOW, it has an undefined state that may be affected by static electricity. We can enable internal pull-up resistors to make the pin HIGH by default. button = 8 GPIO.setup(button, GPIO.IN, GPIO.PUD_UP) Reading Input
  32. 45 Now that the GPIO pin is configured, we can

    read the current input value. value = GPIO.input(button) if value: print(“GPIO pin is HIGH”) else: print(“GPIO pin is LOW”) Reading Input
  33. 46 Remember that the pin is high by default. The

    button pulls it to LOW. button_pressed = not GPIO.input(button) if button_pressed: print(“Button pressed”) else: print(“Button not pressed”) Reading Button State
  34. 47 We can now turn on the LED depending on

    the button state. button_pressed = not GPIO.input(button) GPIO.output(led, button_pressed) Turning on the LED
  35. 48 We could also poll the button to trigger events.

    was_pressed = 0 while True: button_pressed = not GPIO.input(button) if button_pressed and not was_pressed: toggle_led() was_pressed = button_pressed Triggering events
  36. 49 - If you use a busy-loop like in our

    example, our CPU load will be very high. - If you’re a webdev you know that polling sucks. - Instead, you want to wait for an event or register a callback. - Turns out, we can! In hardware-land, events are called interrupts. Polling?
  37. 50 The wait_for_edge method blocks until an event occurs. while

    True: GPIO.wait_for_edge(button, GPIO.FALLING) toggle_led() Waiting for events
  38. 51 We can also use threaded callbacks (aka “interrupt handlers”

    or “interrupt service routines”): def callback(channel): print(‘Button pushed on GPIO %s!” % channel) toggle_led() GPIO.add_event_detect(button, GPIO.FALLING, callback=callback) Y U NO CALLBACK?
  39. 52 - If you actually implement this code, you will

    notice that the LED toggling is buggy. - Sometimes it turns on properly, sometimes it flickers, or it stays off. - The reason is physical switch bouncing: Bugs, bugs everywhere!
  40. 53 Simple software debouncing is pretty straightforward: was_pressed = 0

    while True: button_pressed = not GPIO.input(button) if button_pressed and not was_pressed: time.sleep(0.2) still_pressed = not GPIO.input(button) if still_pressed: toggle_led() was_pressed = button_pressed Software debouncing
  41. 54 We can also get this for free though: def

    callback(channel): print(‘Button pushed on GPIO %s!” % channel) toggle_led() GPIO.add_event_detect(button, GPIO.FALLING, callback=callback, bouncetime=200) We like free stuff
  42. 55 Now go and code some more useful stuff with

    this: twitter_pin = 2; cat_pin = 3 def callback(channel): if channel == twitter_pin: tweet(‘The button was pressed!’) elif channel == cat_pin: food_dispenser.dispense(1) pins = [twitter_pin, cat_pin] GPIO.add_event_detect(pins, GPIO.FALLING, callback=callback, bouncetime=200) Get creative!
  43. 57 - A char LCD is a simple display that

    can display pixel characters. - Usually 8x5 pixel characters. What is a character LCD?
  44. 58 - A char LCD controlling chip by Hitachi -

    The most widely used character LCD controller - Many compatible controllers not by Hitachi What is “HD44780”?
  45. 59 - A Python library I wrote in 2013 to

    control HD44780 displays. - Idiomatic Python 2 / 3 - Properties instead of getters / setters - Simple test suite (with human interaction) - Caching: Only write characters if they changed - Support for custom characters - No external dependencies - MIT licensed https://github.com/dbrgn/RPLCD https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPLCD/ What is RPLCD?
  46. 60 - Wiring is configurable - LCD can run both

    in 4 bit and in 8 bit mode - Here’s the default wiring for 4 bit mode: See also: https://learn.adafruit.com/character-lcds/wiring-a-character-lcd Wiring
  47. 61 $ sudo pip install RPLCD $ sudo python3 >>>

    from RPLCD import CharLCD >>> lcd = CharLCD() >>> lcd.write_string('Raspberry Pi HD44780') >>> lcd.cursor_pos = (2, 0) >>> lcd.write_string( ... 'http://github.com/\n\rdbrgn/RPLCD') Usage example
  48. 62 from datetime import date import time from RPLCD import

    CharLCD, cleared lcd = CharLCD() while True: with cleared(lcd): today = date.today().isoformat() lcd.write(today) time.sleep(1) Context managers
  49. 63 from RPLCD import CharLCD, Alignment, CursorMode lcd = CharLCD()

    lcd.display_enabled = True lcd.cursor_pos = (0, len(“Python”)) lcd.cursor_mode = CursorMode.blink lcd.text_align_mode = Alignment.right lcd.write(“nohtyP”) Properties
  50. 64 - You can build additional functionality on top of

    the library. - For example scrolling text: https://blog.dbrgn. ch/2014/4/20/scrolling-text-with-rplcd/ - See https://youtu.be/49RkQeiVTGU - Communication over I²C (uses less wires than the parallel wiring we used) will probably be added in the future. Other stuff
  51. 66 - The implementation is actually quite easy. I needed

    to learn reading datasheets though. - The low level part works like this: a. Output either 0 (instruction) or 1 (data) to the RS pin to specify whether you’re gonna send a command or data. b. If in 8 bit mode, output the 8 bits of the character or the command to GPIO pins D0-D7. c. Else, if in 4 bit mode, output the lower part of the character or the command to GPIO pins D0-D3. d. Toggle the “enable” pin for at least 37 µs (according to datasheet) e. If in 4 bit mode, GOTO c and output the upper part of the byte. - Rest is implementing all commands as high level functions. The guts
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