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Maintaining performance in distributed systems

Maintaining performance in distributed systems

This talk covers various performance aspects to keep in mind along with a high-level introduction about Elasticsearch and the different gotchas in distributed systems.

This talk was held at the Software Performance Meetup Munich in December 2014.

Elasticsearch Inc

December 02, 2014
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Transcript

  1. Me Software Engineer at Elasticsearch Interested in all things search

    & scale Search Meetup Munich http://www.meetup.com/Search-Meetup-Munich/events/218856224/ Elasticsearch Founded in 2012 Products: Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana, elasticsearch for Apache Hadoop, Marvel, Shield Professional Services: Support subscriptions, trainings About...
  2. Fallacies of distributed computing 1. The network is reliable. 2.

    Latency is zero. 3. Bandwidth is infinite. 4. The network is secure. 5. Topology doesn't change. 6. There is one administrator. 7. Transport cost is zero. 8. The network is homogeneous. by Peter Deutsch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_distributed_computing Distributed systems
  3. Cope with node outage Maintenance, network split, power loss, garbage

    collection Example...         
  4. Cope with node outage Maintenance, network split, power loss, garbage

    collection Example: Outages          Still operational No data loss CRUD works
  5. Nodes come back Maintenance, network failure ends... Example: Recovery 

            Self healing Shift data back Higher load
  6. ...is affected by this More Coordination, more distant Different boundaries

    compared to single process applications hard to predict/test on many different layers But... performance?  Application & Libraries Runtime environment (JVM) OS Hardware Network
  7. Node joins Node 1 . Node 2 Node 3 Node

    2 & Node 3 join cluster
  8. Data distribution Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 a0 Primary

    shards Replica shards a1 a2 a0 a2 a1
  9. Data distribution Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 a0 Different

    scaling strategies per index a1 a2 a0 a2 a1 b0 b0 b0
  10. CPU Indexing, searching, highlighting I/O Indexing, searching, merging Memory Aggregations,

    indices Network Relocation, snapshot & restore Elasticsearch can easily max out...
  11. Competing resources Resizing is out of our control Requires thorough

    testing & configuration But... performance?
  12. What is locked memory? What is the best scheduler for

    SSDs? Is TRIM supported on every FS? What is mechanical sympathy? Quiz ? ? ? ?
  13. Bigger is better? It depends... CPU: # cores, more parallel

    threads Main memory: No limit Disk: SAN vs. local, SSD vs. spindle Bare metal vs. virtualization https://speakerdeck.com/elasticsearch/life-after-ec2 Hardware
  14. File system descriptors, file system cache Memlocked memory bootstrap.mlockall: true

    NUMA http://engineering.linkedin.com/performance/optimizing-linux- memory-management-low-latency-high-throughput-databases http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2513149 Don't swap out if you need performance! OOM killer: Just dont... Operating systems
  15. JVM

  16. When does the JIT compiler kick in? Are client/server JVMs

    different? What’s the default thread stack size? Is there a memory based thread limit? Quiz ? ? ? ?
  17. Less than 32 GB of heap, allowing to use compressed

    pointers Serialize everything yourself JVM versions tend to be incompatible use server vm, allocate all memory on startup reduce thread stack size http://rdiyewar-tech.blogspot.de/2013/02/outofmemoryerror- because-of-default.html JVM tricks
  18. JVM is good at managing threads, but not several thousands

    of them Single thread pool does not fit all Solution: Dedicated thread pools, based on the amount of available CPUs and their task complexity JVM Threads
  19. Create less objects, reuse structures Stream data in to avoid

    object creation reduces young gen promoting pressure -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75 Elasticsearch: Long GCs can result in nodes dropping out of the cluster and master reelections and data shifting (often happens due to GC pressure) Improving garbage collection
  20. Serial, Parallel, ParallelOld CMS - Concurrent mark-and-sweep G1 Pauseless GC

    (Shenandoah, Azul) Going off-heap Using java.misc.Unsafe & handle memory allocation yourself Garbage collectors
  21. First, Guava is awesome But can create a lot of

    objects due to immutability concept Meet High Performance Primitive Collections http://labs.carrotsearch.com/hppc.html Mapping updates (used ImmutableOpenMap) Now uses ObjectObjectOpenHashMap 1000 properties: 0.2 seconds (was 5.1) 2000 properties: 1.2 seconds (was 25) 5000 properties: 4.2 seconds (was 231) 10000 properties: 83.8 seconds (never finished before) HPPC
  22. Writes are append-only (segments are immutable) Allows the file system

    cache to kick in for huge segments Lock-free read access Rate limiting on write Saves IO and CPU Packed* classes, ordinals Lucene
  23. Piggyback on Lucene segment lifecycle Filter caching per segment Field

    data caching per segment FSTs Blazing fast in-memory structures, allow thousands of qps Allow for complex searches like prefix/fuzzy searches or intersections Lucene
  24. Awesome monitoring API Great helping library for getting all kinds

    of stats Output can vary on operating systems Sigar
  25. Stable and fast streaming JSON parser Supports YAML, SMILE, CBOR

    Other implementations https://github.com/RichardHightower/boon/wiki Jackson
  26. Enforces event driven architecture Support for non-blocking model Enforce loose

    coupling Prefers push over pull Callback based concurrency Helps to avoid contention on resources / threads Going async
  27. Page-based cache recycling (old gen!) Reusing netty buffers Fielddata Probalistic

    data structures Bloom filters, T-Digest, HyperLogLog++ Reduce memory footprint
  28. Maintaining different channels with different priorities IMMEDIATE, URGENT, HIGH, NORMAL,

    LOW, LANGUID Binary protocol TCP connections are held open Node & network communication
  29. Fielddata is number one OOM reason Circuit breaker per request

    & fielddata Doc-value based field data Prevent OOM
  30. Good Data & queries real life data Similar environment Virtualization,

    bare-metal, AWS, number of nodes Long running tests Avoid hitting the wrong caches and missing the right ones Rate limit the right things/things right Create your own benchmark numbers Performance test requirements
  31. Know your full stack, it is invaluable Hardware, OS, Environment,

    Language, Protocols, Libraries Monitor all the things Prevent educated guesses Do not trust other people’s numbers! Fake your own! Summary
  32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0b3sR32m0nU (How not to measure latency by Gil Tene) http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/3/12/google-taming-the-long-

    latency-tail-when-more-machines-equal.html http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/j-benchmark1/index.html http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/j-benchmark2/index.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmImGiVuJno (Benchmarking - You’re doing it wrong by Aysylu Greenberg) Resources
  33. Java Performance by Charlie Hunt http://www.amazon.de/Java-Performance- Charlie-Hunt-ebook/dp/B005R4NELQ Netty in Action

    by Norman Maurer http://www.amazon.de/Netty-Action-Norman- Maurer/dp/1617291471 Resources
  34. Systems Performance - Enterprise and the cloud by Brendan Gregg

    http://www.amazon.de/Systems-Performance- Enterprise-Brendan-Gregg-ebook/dp/ B00FLYU9T2 Resources
  35. Elasticsearch - The Definitive Guide by Clinton Gormley & Zachary

    Tong http://www.oreilly.de/catalog/ 9781449358549/ Resources
  36. Alexander Reelsen @spinscale [email protected] Thanks for listening! We’re hiring! http://elasticsearch.com/jobs

    We’re helping! http://elasticsearch.com/support http://elasticsearch.com/training