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地図と認知プロセス -人間は地図を使って認知地図を獲得できるか-

Hirosaji
December 17, 2017

地図と認知プロセス -人間は地図を使って認知地図を獲得できるか-

志学の会 12月勉強会 発表資料
Title: Map and cognitive maps -I wonder if human beings are acquiring cognitive maps via maps?-

Hirosaji

December 17, 2017
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  1. ? ॳΊͯ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ಡΈղ͘ ࠶ͼ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ࢥ͍ඳ͘ ༷ʑͳ஍ཧදݱΛ Ӿཡ͢Δ 2016 Presidential Election

    ஍ਤ+GISͷओͳ׆༻γʔϯ ͨͩ͠ࠓճͷௐࠪͰ͸ɺ஍ਤͷ༻్Λܦ࿏୳ࡧͷΈʹߜΓ·ͨ͠ɻ ࠓճ͸ɺ಄ͷதͰࢥ͍ඳ͘஍ਤʮೝ஌஍ਤʯͱ͸Կͳͷ͔ɻ·ͨɺਓؒ͸ͲͷΑ͏ʹ஍ਤ͔Β ʮೝ஌஍ਤʯΛͭ͘Γ͍ͩͯ͠Δͷ͔ɻͦͷ྆໘͔Βɺೝ஌ϓϩηεΛඥղ͖·͢ɻ
  2. ೝ஌஍ਤͷൃݟ Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ ೝ஌஍ਤ͸ɺ೥ʹΞϝϦΧͷ৺ཧֶऀ5PMNBO

    τʔϧϚϯ ʹΑͬͯఏএ͞Ε·ͨ͠ɻ 1948೥ʹΞϝϦΧͷ৺ཧֶऀTolman͕ɺ ϥοτͷ಄ͷதͰͭ͘Γ͋͛ΒΕΔ஍ਤ Λൃݟͨ͠ɻ 㕒
  3. ܦ࿏Λֶशͨ͠ϥοτୡ͸ɺ࠷୹ܦ࿏Λ࠹͕Εͯ΋ɺ͙͢ʹผͷಓͰΰʔϧʹ޲͔͍·ͨ͠ɻ ൴Β͸ɺܦ࿏Λֶश͢ΔաఔͰೝ஌஍ਤΛ֫ಘ͠ɺΰʔϧͷҐஔΛਪଌͨ͠Α͏Ͱ͢ɻ Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ

    IUUQCMVFCBDLTLPEBOTIBDPKQOFXTIUNM Tolmanͷೝ஌஍ਤ࣮ݧ ֮͑ͨ࠷୹ϧʔτΛ;͍͞Ͱ΋ɺ͙͢͞·୅ସϧʔτ΁ɻ ͔͠͠ɺϥοτʹΑͬͯ୅ସϧʔτ͕มΘΔɻ
  4. Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ Tolmanͷೝ஌஍ਤ࣮ݧͷཪ෇͚ Place

    cell ৔ॴࡉ๔  ΍ Grid cell ֨ࢠࡉ๔  ͷωοτϫʔΫ΋ؔ܎͍ͯ͠Δ ೥ϊʔϕϧੜཧֶɾҩֶ৆Ͱɺͦͷൃݟ͕࿩୊ʹͳͬͨʮ৔ॴࡉ๔ʯͱʮ֨ࢠࡉ๔ʯɻ ͋Δ৔ॴʹདྷͨͱ͖ʹ೴ͷதͰൃՐ͢Δ͜ΕΒͷࡉ๔ͷωοτϫʔΫ͕ɺΰʔϧ΁ͷಓͷΓ ͷֶशաఔͰಇ͍͍ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻೝ஌஍ਤͱ΋ਂ͍ؔ܎͕͋Γͦ͏Ͱ͢Ͷɻ IUUQXXXCSBJOSJLFOKQKQZPVUIQMBDFDFMM@BOE@HSJEDFMM
  5. ೝ஌஍ਤ ( Cognitive Map ) 㱨 ύε ( Paths )

    Τοδ ( Edges ) σΟετϦΫτ ( Districts ) ϊʔυ ( Nodes ) ϥϯυϚʔΫ ( Landmarks ) ೝ஌஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉ Lynch, K.ɿThe image of the city.(1960) ΑΓ -ZODI Ϧϯν ͷ౎ࢢͷΠϝʔδௐࠪʹؔ͢ΔΞϯέʔτௐࠪʹΑΓɺ ೝ஌஍ਤ͸ओʹ̑ͭͷߏ੒ཁૉʹ෼ղͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔Γ·ͨ͠ɻ
  6. ೝ஌஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉ Lynch, K.ɿThe image of the city.(1960) ΑΓ ύε (

    Paths ) Τοδ ( Edges ) σΟετϦΫτ ( Districts ) ϊʔυ ( Nodes ) ϥϯυϚʔΫ ( Landmarks ) ԑ ಓ࿏ ஍Ҭ ઀߹(ूத)఺ ໨ҹ Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ұൠಓ࿏ ߴ଎ಓ࿏ ઢ࿏ ւ؛ ։ൃ஍ ֑ ެԂ ༡Ԃ஍ த՚֗ ަࠩ఺ Ӻ ۭߓ ࢁ ౝ ؃൘ ̑ͭߏ੒ཁૉͷΠϝʔδ͸େମ͜Μͳײ͡ɻ ࢲͨͪਓؒ͸ɺ޿͘ෳࡶͳ࣮ੈքΛ͜ΕΒͷཁૉʹม׵͠ɺ஍ਤԽ͍ͯ͠Δͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻ
  7. ೝ஌஍ਤͷछྨ ϧʔτϚοϓ ( route map ) Hart, R. A., Moore,

    G. T.ɿThe development of spatial cognition: A review.(1973) ΑΓ αʔϕΠϚοϓ ( survey map ) ໨త஍·Ͱͷඞཁ࠷௿ݶͷ஌ࣝ ͕هԱ͞Εͨ஍ਤɻ ໨త஍·Ͱͷ၆ᛌతͳ৘ใ ͕هԱ͞Εͨ஍ਤɻ ·ͨɺೝ஌஍ਤʹ͸ɺϧʔτϚοϓܕͱαʔϕΠϚοϓܕ͕͋Δͱ͞Ε͍ͯ·͢ɻ ϧʔτϚοϓܕ͸ɺ໨త஍·Ͱͷඞཁ࠷௿ݶͷ஌ࣝ ύεͷ૊Έ߹Θͤ౳ Λࡌͤͨ஍ਤͰɺ αʔϕΠϚοϓܕ͸ɺ໨త஍·ͰͷಓͷΓͱͦͷपล஌͕ࣝࡌͬͨ၆ᛌతͳ஍ਤͰ͢ɻ
  8. ೝ஌஍ਤͷܗ੒ϓϩηεʢҰྫʣ Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H.ɿThe development of

    spatial representations of large-scale environments.(1975)ΑΓ ݸʑͷ ϥϯυϚʔΫ ΛهԱ ϥϯυϚʔΫͷ ܥྻͱͯ͠ͷ ϧʔτͷཧղ ϧʔτϚοϓͷܗ੒ ෳ਺ͷ ϥϯυϚʔΫ΍ ϧʔτͷ౷߹ શͯͷ ϧʔτͷ౷߹ αʔϕΠϚοϓͷܗ੒ ̍ ̎ ̏ ̐ ߋʹɺܦ࿏୳ࡧ࣌ʹ͓͚Δೝ஌஍ਤ͸ɺ্هͷΑ͏ʹஈ֊తʹܗ੒͞ΕΔͷ͕ҰൠతͰ͋Δ ߟ͑ΒΕ͍ͯ·͢ɻʢॾઆ͋Γ·͢ʣ
  9. ϘτϜΞοϓॲཧ Lloyd, R.ɿSpatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)ΑΓ ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͷೝ஌ॲཧ ܹࢗͷड༰ ʢ஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉͷ஌֮ʣ Ґஔ࠲ඪ

    େ͖͞ ೱ୶ ͖Ί ৭ ޲͖ ܗ ༷ʑͳଐੑม਺ͷ஍ਤཁૉ Λݕग़ɾหผ͢Δ ଐੑม਺ʹ ͳͲ ϘτϜΞοϓॲཧͰ͸ɺ໨ʹඈͼࠐΜͰདྷ༷ͨʑͳ஍ਤͷཁૉΛหผ͢ΔॲཧΛ͠·͢ɻ
  10. τοϓμ΢ϯॲཧ બ୒త஫ҙ ʢ஍ਤͷഎܠ஌ࣝͰݕࡧʣ Lloyd, R.ɿSpatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)ΑΓ ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͷೝ஌ॲཧ จ຺΍஌ࣝʹج͍ͮͯɺ

    બ୒తʹ஍ਤཁૉΛ஫ࢹ͢Δ ྫ͑͹ɺ ʮࣗ෼ͷҐஔʯͱ ʮ໨తҐஔʯ ͕෼͔ͬͨΒɺೋͭͷϚʔΫΛ݁ͿಓͷΓͷؒͷ ύε΍ϥϯυϚʔΫΛ஫ࢹ͢Ε͹Α͍ɻ τοϓμ΢ϯॲཧͰ͸ɺ஍ਤͷจ຺΍஌ࣝʹج͍ͮͯɺ஫ࢹ͢΂͖஍ਤͷཁૉΛબ୒͠·͢ɻ ͜ΕΒͷॲཧΛ܁Γฦ͠ͳ͕Βɺඞཁͳ৘ใΛநग़͠ɺʮೝ஌஍ਤʯΛඳ͍͍͖ͯ·͢ɻ
  11. ೝ஌஍ਤ ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤɾ(*4 ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉͷ஌֮ ஍ਤ৘ใͷબ୒ɾநग़ ʢϘτϜΞοϓॲཧʣ ʢτοϓμ΢ϯॲཧʣ ஍ཧۭؒͷೝ஌ϓϩηε Ҏ্ͷ͜ͱΛ౿·͑Δͱɺ஍ਤΛखʹͱͬͯೝ஌஍ਤΛ֫ಘ͢Δ·Ͱͷϓϩηε͸͜ͷΑ͏ͳ

    ྲྀΕʹͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻ ͔͠͠ɺ஍ਤΛಡΉ͚ͩͰຊ౰ʹʮೝ஌஍ਤʯΛ֫ಘͰ͖ΔͷͰ͠ΐ͏͔ɻ ࣮ࡍʹา͔ͳ͍ͱೝ஌஍ਤ͸֫ಘͰ͖ͳ͍ʁ ຊ٢༐ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ͱը૾౷ܭྔ(2014)ΑΓ
  12. ೝ஌஍ਤ ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤɾ(*4 ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉͷ஌֮ ஍ਤ৘ใͷબ୒ɾநग़ ʢϘτϜΞοϓॲཧʣ ʢτοϓμ΢ϯॲཧʣ ײ֮هԱ ୹ظهԱ

    ௕ظهԱ هԱͷਪҠ ɾલ஫ҙաఔ ɾγεςϜ̍ ɾ஫ҙաఔ ɾγεςϜ̎ ߴ࣍ࢹ֮ೝ஌ ೝ஌৘ใॲཧ Ϟʔυ ೝ஌Պֶͷ෼໺͚ͩͰ΋ɺ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͰ༷ʑͳػೳ͕ಇ͍͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔͍ͬͯ·͢ɻ ͔͠͠࢒೦ͳ͕Βɺ஍ਤͰೝ஌஍ਤ͕֫ಘͰ͖Δ͔͸ɺ͍·ͩʹղ໌͞Ε͍ͯ·ͤΜɻ ͓ͦΒ͘ɺ஍ਤΛಡΉࣄͱʮ৔ॴࡉ๔ʯʮ֨ࢠࡉ๔ʯͷؔ܎͕ॏཁͱͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻ ຊ٢༐ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ͱը૾౷ܭྔ(2014)ΑΓ ஍ཧۭؒͷೝ஌ϓϩηε
  13. References 2. ਡ๚ਖ਼थɿϏδϡΞϧͳදݱͱೝ஌ϓϩηε, ՄࢹԽ৘ใֶձࢽ, Vol. 19, No. 72, pp. 13-18,

    1999. 1. एྛ๕थɿۭؒೝ஌ͱGIS, Geographical Review of Japan, Vol. 76, No. 10, pp. 703-724, 2003. 3. ຊ٢༐ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ͱը૾౷ܭྔ, ೝ஌Պֶ, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 304-313, 2014. 5. ੢ጯߒ࢘, ଜ໺ത࢘, দݪࡈथ, ଂ੅ඒਔɿೝ஌஍ਤ͔ΒΈͨ֗࿏ۭؒͷ࿈ଓతೝ ࣝ, ೔ຊݐஙֶձܭըܥ࿦จू, Vol. 65, No. 529, pp. 217-223, 2000. 30 Thank you 4. ޙ౻࿨޺ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ʹ͓͚Δશମॲཧͱ෦෼ॲཧ── ൺֱೝ஌Պֶ͔Βͷఏݴ─ ─, ৺ཧֶݚڀ, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 352-367, 2009.
  14. References 7. Lynch, K.: The image of the city., MIT

    press, 1960. 6. Hart, R. A., Moore, G. T.: The development of spatial cognition: A review., AldineTransaction, 1973. 8. 2016 Election News, Candidates & Polls - NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/president 10. Lloyd, R.: Spatial cognition: Geographic environments., Springer Science & Business Media, 1997. 31 Thank you 9. Downs, R. M., Stea, D.: Cognitive maps and spatial behaviour: process and products., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.
  15. References 12. Tolman, E. C.: Cognitive maps in rats and

    men., Psychological review, Vol. 55, No. 4, 1948. 11. Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H.: The development of spatial representations of large- scale environments., Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 10, pp. 9-55, 1975. 32 Thank you