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The ISM Beyond 3D: Promises & Problems

Josh Peek
February 22, 2018

The ISM Beyond 3D: Promises & Problems

An intro talk I gave at the ISM Beyond 3D workshop in Orsay, France in july 2017

Josh Peek

February 22, 2018
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  1. The ISM Beyond 3D: Promises & Problems Joshua E. G.

    Peek Space Telescope Science Institute July 3, 2017 ISM3D+ Look up here if you get lost! Kirill Tchernyshyov Johns Hopkins Eddie Schlafly LBNL @jegpeek @jegpeek AMA GALFA-HI DR2!
  2. 1% 4% 23% 72% Dark Energy Dark Matter Plasma &

    Gas Stars etc. Text Unfortunately, most of the Universe is diffuse
  3. Text 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s 2% 20% 10% Star

    & Formation / Star Galaxy & Formation / Galaxy h/t SAO/NASA ADS Everything forms from diffuse material, a topic of interest
  4. We study the diffuse universe through absence in catalogs ESO

    99; Lan, Ménard, & Zhu 15 99% 100% 99% 100% 99% 100% Balmer β DIBs in LMZ15 Stellar and Sky Residuals 5150Å 4350Å 5150Å 5950Å Normalized flux Mgb [OI] 5577 NaD Synthetic DIB spectrum 5950 Å 6700 Å [OI] 6300 [OH] Balmer α
  5. Interstellar metals are in dust, tracing gas and evolution Periodic

    Elements of Dust 4 Solar Fe Mg Si N Ne C O (99%) + many other trace elements (S,P,Ca,Cl,Ti) Solar Metals slide courtesy L. Corrales
  6. 1000 10000 wavelength[Å] 6 5 4 2 1 0 3

    A O / AV Dust grains extinguish light more towards the blue
  7. u g r i z u g r i z

    W1 W1 F F N N 1000 10000 wavelength[Å] 6 5 4 2 1 0 3 A O / AV MW dust grains can mostly be parameterized by Rv Reddening is often reduced to a single parameter family, Rv
  8. “…so what?” “There are a number of specific aims one

    could adopt for 3d extinction mapping…” Sale 2015 “…The most obvious is to infer the extinction to stars that feature in the ‘input catalogue’. “ “One might also be interested in the estimating the extinction to some arbitrary point or points in space.” Pays the Bills …since extinction affects the light from stars distributed throughout the Galaxy it offers a direct route to studying the elusive 3d structure of the ISM. Is the Money
  9. Dust 90 180 270 90 180 270 0.33 30. MJy/sr

    Log scale FIG. 8.ÈFull-sky dust map for the NGP (top) and SGP (bottom) Our best high latitude dust maps come from FIR emission Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis 98 Dust 90 180 270 90 180 270 . 0 3 3 3 . 0 MJy/sr Log scale F IG. 8.ÈFull-sky dust map for the NGP ( top) and SGP ( bottom )
  10. Dust map errors distort LSS results via sample biasing Huterer,

    Cunha, and Fang 12 0.1 0.3 1 3 Faint-end slope of luminosity func, s(z) 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 bias / error For Peek-Graves 2010 correction to dust map ‘non-Gaussianity’ ‘dw/dt’ target precision For known errors to dust map Redshift of galaxies used for cosmology ~0 0.7 1.9 3.7
  11. Standard Candle: near far Standard Crayon: clear obscured “Standard Crayon”

    methods measure reddening directly Standard Ruler: near far
  12. δE (B − V ) [magnitudes] error[σ] l=0 l=270 l=180

    l=90 Cryaons provide corrections to the SFD98 reddening map. JEGP & Graves 10
  13. SFD LAB PG10 PG10-SFD PG10-LAB SFD-LAB >0.1 >0.1 >1021 0

    0 0 >0.015 >0.015 >0.015 <-0.015 <-0.015 <-0.015 E (B − V ) E (B − V ) E (B − V ) E (B − V ) E (B − V ) NHI cm−2 HI methods and FIR methods give ~similar precision JEGP 13 Extinction HI FIR Extinction HI FIR
  14. HI + FIR method is significantly better as errors cancel

    JEGP 13 Extinction HI FIR cHI cF IR Fraction HI Fraction FIR
  15. -90 < HI < 90 , HI < 4 x

    1020: HI does a great job Lenz, Hensley & Doré 2015
  16. 8 9 10 11 12 13 2005 2010 2015 2020

    2025 2030 Huge Galactic HI surveys are on the horizon Log[ # resolution elements] LAB GASS GALFA-HI EBHIS APERTIF/ASKAP SKA surveys? surpasses Planck resolution
  17. Text PS1 APOGEE GAIA “AS4” LSST grizy R~23,000 R ~100

    R~23,000 ugrizy 8 x 108 stars 1.5 x 105 stars 2 x 108 stars 5 x 106 stars 140 x 108 stars ~no parallax ~no parallax precise parallax ~no parallax some parallax now now April 2018? 2020s 2020s We are in the era of amazing tomography machines 䢀Available in MAST today!
  18. Significant methodological advances are happening too S. Rezaei Kh. +

    2016, Sale 2015 Gaussian Processes Poisson Point Processes
  19. Text By combining many PDFs, get an E(B-V) by distance

    Green+ 2014 ~ 1000 stars / 6’ pixel 100 pc 10 kpc 1 kpc …so what? PS1
  20. Text Majewski+ 2015 APOGEE: R~23,000 of 150,000 red giants, ~in

    the plane High Resolution Spectroscopy → Very precise stellar parameters → Very precise unreddened colors → Very precisely measured reddening APOGEE
  21. Text R(V) variation can be measured in detail with APOGEE

    Schlafly+JEGP,Tchernyshyov+ 2015 Principal Component 1 Principal Component 2 APOGEE
  22. Text R(V) has strange large scale structure related to Planck

    Beta… Schlafly+JEGP,Tchernyshyov+ 2015 Sagittarius arm Orion-Cygnus / Local Arm I⌫ / ⌫ B⌫ (T)
  23. R(V) variation is driven by location, not density! zut! Schlafly,

    JEGP, Finkbeiner, & Green 2017 ; Reid 2014
  24. R(V) variation is driven by location, not density! zut! Schlafly,

    JEGP, Finkbeiner, & Green 2017 ; Reid 2014
  25. Text 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s 2% 20% 10% Star

    & Formation / Star Galaxy & Formation / Galaxy h/t SAO/NASA ADS But what about formation??
  26. t + · ( v) = 0 The continuity equation

    is how we get at formation
  27. Text We add the PPV data in HI+CO, which probes

    similar gas PS1 PPD HI PPV CO PPV Green+ 2014; McClure-Griffiths+ 2005; Peek+ 2011; Kalberla+ 2005; Dame+ 2001; Tchernyshyov & Peek 2017 PS1
  28. radial velocity distance radio ISM surveys alone radial velocity distance

    stellar reddening alone radial velocity distance KT: Static Cloud radial velocity KT: Converging Cloud distance radial velocity KT: Diverging Cloud distance The D/V diagram is the killer app for formation PS1
  29. Text But how do we associate tomography data with gas?

    220 200 180 160 140 Galactic longitude -40 -20 0 20 40 Velocity [km/s LSR] 0.1 1 10 Distance [kpc] CO [Dame et al] Extinction [Schlafly/Green] PS1
  30. KT does an excellent job recovering Masers and PPV Observed

    Clemens (1985) Clemens (1985) PS1 Tchernyshyov & Peek 2017
  31. KT does an excellent job recovering Masers and PPV Observed

    KT w/o springs KT w/o springs PS1 Tchernyshyov & Peek 2017
  32. KT does an excellent job recovering Masers and PPV Observed

    KT w/ springs KT w/ springs PS1 Tchernyshyov & Peek 2017
  33. Text 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s 2% 20% 10% Star

    & Formation / Star Galaxy & Formation / Galaxy h/t SAO/NASA ADS But Josh! what about formation??
  34. Are shocks key to forming H2 clouds in the Milky

    Way? Roberts 1969; Shu 2016 ⇢1v1 = ⇢2v2
  35. Shocks are also invoked to explain arm feathering Kim &

    Ostriker 2002 Σ/Σ₀ W [km/s] 26 13 0 0 0 0.5 -0.5 2 4 6 X/L x
  36. Text We do not see spiral shocks in the MW…

    yet Roberts 1972, Tchernyshyov & Peek in prep Two Armed Spiral Shock (seen in M81, M51) Linear Density Wave PS1 ũ = 110 Data from TP17
  37. Text Gas emission + dust reddening KT has some flaws…

    Map tested only at HMSFRs 0.1 1.0 10.0 Aquila-Ophiuchus CO + HI = NH (1021 H/cm2) 0.1 1.0 10.0 AV gas at Av=2 is not CO + HI “Dark Gas” PS1 … to be continued
  38. Standard Crayons are a powerful tool for the precision study

    of dust, crucial for cosmology R(V) is not simply a proxy for gas density; 3D structure influences R(V), for unknown reasons The Perseus arm does not seem to be a spiral shock, although we need better data… Modern tomography uses big data and new models To answer questions of formation we need to measure where gas is and how it moves: D/V diagrams
  39. Text Tomographic data can have very complex biases GC 20

    15 10 5 -10 -5 0 5 10 350 0 galactic latitude galactic longitude 355 3.1–5.0 kpc 2.0–3.1 kpc 1.3–2.0 kpc ~500pc
  40. How I was taught to science Observation Pure Theory Interpretation

    Prediction ✅ ❌ "I know where the information is”
  41. How the hip kids science now Observation Pure Theory Data

    Simulation Prediction More Hip Less Hip
  42. It’s even hard to interpret: where is the information? 24o

    26o 28o 15h00m 14h32m 14h04m 13h36m 24o 26o 28o Right Ascension n o i t a n i l c e D 24o 26o 28o 15h00m 14h32m 14h04m 13h36m 24o 26o 28o Right Ascension n o i t a n i l c e D Clark, JEGP, Putman 14 Declination 24o 26o 28o 15h00m 14h32m 14h04m 13h36m 24o 26o 28o Right Ascension n o i t a n i l c e D
  43. The ISM especially hard to interpret in 3D… and beyond

    Green, Schlafly, & Finkbeiner 2015 …since extinction affects the light from stars distributed throughout the Galaxy it offers a direct route to studying the elusive 3d structure of the ISM. Sale+2015
  44. What are our tools? What are we looking for? What

    are our metrics? What are our models?