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A Deep Dive into the Roles and Capabilities API

A Deep Dive into the Roles and Capabilities API

The user roles and capabilities API is one of the most powerful APIs in WordPress. With it you can giveth, and with it you can taketh away.

In this presentation I talk through the basics and go on to explain some of the more interesting and advanced use cases of working with roles and capabilities.

Presented at:
* WordCamp London 2017
* WordCamp Torino 2017
* WordCamp Europe 2017

#wordpress #wcldn #wctrn #wceu

John Blackbourn

June 17, 2017
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  1. WordPress core developer Working with WordPress for 12+ years Senior

    Engineer at Human Made John Blackbourn @johnbillion
  2. • Administrator • Editor • Author • Contributor • Subscriber

    Administer the site Edit all content Edit their own content Contribute proposals Nothing Role Responsibility
  3. Roles and Responsibilities in bbPress • Keymaster • Moderator •

    Participant • Spectator Manage the forums Moderate discussion Participate in discussion Follow topics
  4. $post = get_post( $post_id ); if ( ! $post )

    { // If the post doesn't exist... $caps[] = 'do_not_allow'; break; } current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post_id )
  5. if ( $user_id == $post->post_author ) { if ( $post->post_status

    == 'publish' ) { // If the post is published... $caps[] = 'edit_published_posts'; } else { // If the post is draft... $caps[] = 'edit_posts'; } } current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post_id )
  6. } else { // Trying to edit someone else's post...

    $caps[] = 'edit_others_posts'; // The post is published... if ( $post->post_status == 'publish' ) { $caps[] = 'edit_published_posts'; } elseif ( 'private' == $post->post_status ) { $caps[] = 'edit_private_posts'; } current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post_id )
  7. Meta & Primitive Capabilities // Another user's published post: current_user_can(

    'edit_post', $post_id ) > edit_published_posts > edit_others_posts // My own draft post: current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post_id ) > edit_posts
  8. case 'delete_user': // Only super admins can delete users. if

    ( is_multisite() && ! is_super_admin( $user_id ) ) $caps[] = 'do_not_allow'; else $caps[] = 'delete_users'; break; current_user_can( 'delete_user', $id )
  9. function foo( $required_caps, $cap, $user_id, $args ) { if (

    'delete_term' == $cap ) { // Prevent protected term from being deleted: if ( get_term_meta( $args[0], 'protected', true ) ) { $required_caps[] = 'do_not_allow'; } } return $required_caps; } add_filter( 'map_meta_cap', 'foo', 10, 4 );
  10. function foo( $required_caps, $cap, $user_id, $args ) { if (

    'publish_post' == $cap ) { // Let’s roll a dice... if ( rand( 1, 6 ) !== 3 ) { $required_caps[] = 'do_not_allow'; } } return $required_caps; } add_filter( 'map_meta_cap', 'foo', 10, 4 );
  11. function foo( $required_caps, $cap, $user_id, $args ) { if (

    'upload_files' == $cap ) { // If user can edit posts, allow to upload files: $required_caps = array( 'edit_posts' ); } return $required_caps; } add_filter( 'map_meta_cap', 'foo', 10, 4 );
  12. function foo( $user_caps, $required_caps, $args ) { if ( 'switch_to_user'

    === $args[0] ) { $user_caps['switch_to_user'] = ( user_can( $args[1], 'edit_user', $args[2] ) && $args[2] != $args[1] ); } return $user_caps; } add_filter( 'user_has_cap', 'foo', 10, 3 );
  13. map_meta_cap Use this filter to alter the required primitive caps

    for a cap check. user_has_cap Use this filter to grant or deny the actual caps of a user.
  14. Non-Logged-In Users current_user_can( 'do', 'something' ) // This always returns

    true: current_user_can( 'exist' ) // You need this too: is_user_logged_in()
  15. More Granular Meta Caps in Core current_user_can( 'edit_user', $user )

    current_user_can( 'delete_post', $post ) // Coming soon (hopefully): current_user_can( 'edit_theme', $theme ) current_user_can( 'activate_plugin', $plugin ) current_user_can( 'delete_site', $site )
  16. Core's Capability Tests Tests_User_Capabilities 'upload_plugins' => array( 'administrator' ), 'upload_themes'

    => array( 'administrator' ), 'customize' => array( 'administrator' ), 'add_users' => array( 'administrator' ), 'edit_categories' => array( 'administrator', 'editor' ), 'delete_categories' => array( 'administrator', 'editor' ), 'manage_post_tags' => array( 'administrator', 'editor' ), 'edit_post_tags' => array( 'administrator', 'editor' ), 'delete_post_tags' => array( 'administrator', 'editor' ), 'edit_css' => array( 'administrator', 'editor' ), 'assign_categories' => array( 'administrator', 'editor', 'author', 'contributor' ), 'assign_post_tags' => array( 'administrator', 'editor', 'author', 'contributor' ),