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A Map For Monitoring PostgreSQL

A Map For Monitoring PostgreSQL

Talk at PGDay SF 2020

Lukas Fittl

January 21, 2020
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  1. 1. Install postgresql contrib package (if not installed) 2. Enable

    in postgresql.conf shared_preload_libraries = ‘pg_stat_statements’ 3. Restart your database 4. Create the extension CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements; Enabling pg_stat_statements
  2. SELECT * FROM pg_stat_statements; userid | 10 dbid | 1397527

    query | SELECT * FROM x WHERE calls | 5 total_time | 15.249 rows | 0 shared_blks_hit | 451 shared_blks_read | 41 shared_blks_dirtied | 26 shared_blks_written | 0 local_blks_hit | 0 pg_stat_statements
  3. queryid | 1720234670 query | SELECT * FROM x WHERE

    y = ? calls | 567 total_time | 56063.6489 Avg Runtime = 98.87 ms
  4. queryid | 1720234670 query | SELECT * FROM x WHERE

    y = ? calls | 567 total_time | 56063.6489 min_time | 0.0949 max_time | 902.545 mean_time | 98.877687654321 stddev_time | 203.19222186271 Mean Runtime = 98.87 ms 95th Percentile = 505.45 ms Max Runtime = 902.54 ms
  5. LOG: duration: 4079.697 ms execute <unnamed>: SELECT * FROM x

    WHERE y = $1 LIMIT $2 DETAIL: parameters: $1 = 'long string', $2 = ‘1' Slow Queries log_min_duration_statement = 1000 ms
  6. Important Questions For Indices Should I add an index? Do

    I need to REINDEX? Should I remove an index?
  7. Should I add an index? Measuring Sequential Scans - Per

    Table pg_stat_all_tables seq_scan: # of Sequential Scans seq_tup_read: # of rows read by # Sequential Scans
  8. SELECT relname, seq_scan + idx_scan, 100 * idx_scan / (seq_scan

    + idx_scan) FROM pg_stat_user_tables ORDER BY n_live_tup DESC Index Hit Rate Target: >= 95% on large, active tables
  9. Should I add an index? Doesn't know about what indices

    get used / what plan is being executed. Doesn’t have enough details to EXPLAIN a query, because text is normalized. For a Specific Query? Can I use pg_stat_statements?
  10. # SELECT index_relid::regclass, phase, blocks_done, blocks_total FROM pg_stat_progress_create_index; index_relid |

    phase | blocks_done | blocks_total ------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+-------------- index_tab_pkey | building index: scanning table | 27719 | 44248 (1 row) pg_stat_progress_create_index Measure CREATE INDEX Progress Postgres 12+
  11. Do I need to REINDEX? # SELECT relname, pg_table_size(oid) as

    index_size, 100-pgstatindex(relname).avg_leaf_density AS leaf_density FROM pg_class; relname | index_size | leaf_density -----------------------------------------------+------------+------------- test_inventory_id_idx | 376832 | 89.75 test_pkey | 376832 | 89.75 test_rental_date_inventory_id_customer_id_idx | 524288 | 89.27 Density of ~90% = Optimal for B-Tree pgstatindex(relname).avg_leaf_density
  12. Do I need to REINDEX? # SELECT relname, pg_table_size(oid) as

    index_size, 100-pgstatindex(relname).avg_leaf_density AS leaf_density FROM pg_class; relname | index_size | leaf_density -----------------------------------------------+------------+------------- test_inventory_id_idx | 376832 | 89.75 test_pkey | 376832 | 89.75 test_rental_date_inventory_id_customer_id_idx | 524288 | 89.27 relname | index_size | leaf_density -----------------------------------------------+------------+------------- test_inventory_id_idx | 745472 | 45.52 test_pkey | 737280 | 46.02 test_rental_date_inventory_id_customer_id_idx | 925696 | 51.04 UPDATE 50% of Rows in Table: Index Size Doubled, 50% Bloated
  13. Should I remove an index? Measuring Index Scans - Per

    Index pg_stat_all_indices idx_scan: # of Index Scans
  14. relname | n_live_tup | scans | index_hit_rate ---------------------------------+------------+------------+---------------- query_fingerprints |

    347746140 | 513262821 | 99 queries | 346575911 | 22379253 | 99 schema_table_events | 100746488 | 1459 | 99 queries_schema_tables | 62194571 | 7754 | 99 log_lines | 46629937 | 2 | 0 issue_states | 31861134 | 3 | 0 schema_columns | 31849719 | 6688381553 | 99 query_overview_stats | 26029247 | 13831 | 99 schema_index_stats_2d_20170329 | 18274023 | 1592 | 99 schema_index_stats_2d_20170328 | 18164132 | 6917 | 99 snapshot_benchmarks | 13094945 | 2315069 | 99 schema_index_stats_60d_20170329 | 9818030 | 69 | 20 schema_index_stats_60d_20170328 | 9749146 | 110 | 30 schema_index_stats_60d_20170323 | 9709723 | 103 | 40 schema_index_stats_60d_20170327 | 9702565 | 103 | 33 schema_index_stats_60d_20170324 | 9672853 | 64 | 48 schema_index_stats_60d_20170322 | 9651125 | 141 | 46 schema_index_stats_60d_20170325 | 9647832 | 23 | 69 schema_index_stats_60d_20170326 | 9636532 | 39 | 53 schema_index_stats_60d_20170303 | 9538898 | 174 | 63 schema_index_stats_60d_20170321 | 9522712 | 170 | 49 schema_index_stats_60d_20170309 | 9492844 | 126 | 57 schema_index_stats_60d_20170304 | 9491850 | 64 | 82 schema_index_stats_60d_20170320 | 9486945 | 104 | 56 schema_index_stats_60d_20170319 | 9466378 | 47 | 74 Should I remove an index?
  15. QUERY PLAN ————— Aggregate (cost=12.53..12.54 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=0.046..0.046 rows=1

    loops=1) -> Index Only Scan using categories_pkey on categories (cost=0.00..12.49 rows=16 width=0) (actual time=0.018..0.038 rows=16 loops=1) Heap Fetches: 16 Total runtime: 0.108 ms (4 rows)
  16. application: pganalyze controller: graphql action: graphql line: /app/graphql/organization_type.rb … graphql:

    getOrganizationDetails.logVolume24h request_id: 44bd562e-0f53-453f-831f-498e61ab6db5
  17. pg_stat_activity pid: process ID backend_type: “client backend” vs internal processes

    state: idle/active/idle in transaction state_change: time of state change query: current/last running query backend_start: process start time xact_start: TX start time query_start: query start time wait_event: what backend is waiting for (e.g. Lock, I/O, etc) …
  18. Temporary Files Written (Per Query) log_temp_files = 0 Jan 20

    09:18:58pm PST 28847 LOG: temporary file: path "base/pgsql_tmp/pgsql_tmp28847.9", size 50658332 Jan 20 09:18:58pm PST 28847 STATEMENT: WITH servers AS ( SELECT …
  19. shared_blks_hit | 2447215 shared_blks_read | 55335 hit_rate = shared_blks_hit /

    (shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read) 97.78% Cache Hit Rate Cache Hit Ratio % (Per Query)
  20. SELECT sum(heap_blks_hit) / nullif(sum(heap_blks_hit + heap_blks_read),0) FROM pg_statio_user_tables Cache Hit

    Ratio % (Per Table/Index) SELECT sum(idx_blks_hit) / nullif(sum(idx_blks_hit + idx_blks_read),0) FROM pg_statio_user_indexes
  21. Locks Held/Waited On pg_locks pid: process ID (JOIN to pg_stat_activity.pid!)

    locktype: type of object being locked mode: locking type (e.g. AccessExclusive) granted: Lock Granted vs Being Waited For …
  22. Locks Held/Waited On log_lock_waits = on LOG: process 123 still

    waiting for ShareLock on transaction 12345678 after 1000.606 ms STATEMENT: SELECT table WHERE id = 1 FOR UPDATE; CONTEXT: while updating tuple (1,3) in relation “table” DETAIL: Process holding the lock: 456. Wait queue: 123.
  23. Long Held Locks in Transactions Rails Counter Cache & Timestamps

    BEGIN SELECT 1 AS one FROM "post_votes" WHERE (…) LIMIT 1 SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1 INSERT INTO "notifications" (…) VALUES (…) RETURNING "id" SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1 UPDATE "users" SET "updated_at" = ? WHERE "users"."id" = ? INSERT INTO "post_votes" (…) VALUES (…) RETURNING "id" UPDATE "posts" SET "votes" = COALESCE("votes", 0) + 1 WHERE "posts"."id" = ? UPDATE "posts" SET "credible_post_votes_count" = … WHERE "posts"."id" = ? UPDATE "users" SET "updated_at" = ? WHERE "users"."id" = ? UPDATE "posts" SET "updated_at" = ? WHERE "posts"."id" = ? COMMIT
  24. 16688 LOG: checkpoint starting: xlog xlog = WAL exceeded max_wal_size,

    checkpoint has to happen quickly time = checkpoint_timeout reached, checkpoint impact spread over time
  25. Checkpoint Statistics pg_stat_bgwriter checkpoints_timed: # of scheduled checkpoints checkpoints_req: #

    of requested checkpoints 1. Time Between Checkpoints 2. % of Timed Checkpoints
  26. Tune checkpoint_completion_target To Control I/O Impact of Timed Checkpoints (Often

    0.9 is a good value, but depends on I/O Subsystem & Workload)
  27. autovacuum => SELECT pid, query FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query LIKE

    'autovacuum: %'; 10469 | autovacuum: VACUUM ANALYZE public.schema_columns 12848 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.replication_follower_stats 28626 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.schema_index_stats | (to prevent wraparound) (3 rows) pg_stat_activity
  28. autovacuum pg_stat_progress_vacuum relid: OID of the table phase: current VACUUM

    phase heap_blks_total: Heap Blocks Total heap_blks_scanned: Heap Blocks Scanned heap_blks_vacuumed: Heap Blocks Vacuumed …
  29. Reduce autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay To Increase VACUUM Speed 80 MB/s 8 MB/s

    (20ms) (2ms) PG 12+ Older PG Default OS / Disk Reads
  30. Index Optimization Query Workload I/O Workload VACUUM Tuning Query Tags

    Lock Contention Background Writer Checkpoints Connection Pooling Buffer Cache Hit Ratio work_mem Tuning