Monitoring Postgres at Scale

@LukasFittl Monitoring PostgreSQL At Scale #pgconfasia

@LukasFittl @LukasFittl pganalyze

@LukasFittl Statistics That Matter Two Tables To Remember Breaking Down
High-Level Statistics Three Log Events Worth Knowing Query Annotations

@LukasFittl Postgres Statistics Tables

@LukasFittl 1 “Block” = 8 kB (usually, check block_size to
confirm)

@LukasFittl Tuple ~ Row

@LukasFittl Statistics Are Often Counters * except when reset /
overrun Counts only go up*,  calculate diffs!

@LukasFittl Schema Statistics

@LukasFittl pg_stat_user_tables relname: name of the table seq_scan: # of
sequential scans idx_scan: # of index scans n_tup_(ins/del/upd): # of rows modified n_live_tup: live rows n_dead_tup: dead rows last_(auto)vacuum: last VACUUM last_(auto)analyze: last ANALYZE …

@LukasFittl SELECT relname, n_live_tup, seq_scan + idx_scan, 100 * idx_scan
/ (seq_scan + idx_scan) FROM pg_stat_user_tables ORDER BY n_live_tup DESC Index Hit Rate Target: >= 95% on large, active tables

@LukasFittl pg_statio_user_tables relname: name of the table heap_blks_read: blocks from
disk / OS cache heap_blks_hit: blocks from buffer cache idx_blks_read: index blks from disk idx_blks_hit: index blks from buffer cache …

@LukasFittl SELECT sum(heap_blks_hit) / nullif(sum(heap_blks_hit + heap_blks_read),0) FROM pg_statio_user_tables Table
Cache Hit Rate Target: >= 99%

@LukasFittl Query Workload

@LukasFittl pg_stat_activity pid: process ID backend_type: “client backend” vs internal
processes state: idle/active/idle in transaction state_change: time of state change query: current/last running query backend_start: process start time xact_start: TX start time query_start: query start time wait_event: what backend is waiting for (e.g. Lock, I/O, etc) …

@LukasFittl # of Connections By State SELECT state, backend_type, COUNT(*)
FROM pg_stat_activity  GROUP BY 1, 2

@LukasFittl Longest Running Query SELECT now() - query_start, query FROM
pg_stat_activity  WHERE state = ‘active’ ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 1

@LukasFittl Age Of Oldest Transaction SELECT MAX(now() - xact_start)  FROM
pg_stat_activity  WHERE state <> ‘idle’

@LukasFittl pg_stat_activity wait event monitoring https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling

@LukasFittl pg_stat_statements

@LukasFittl 1. Install postgresql contrib package (if not installed) 2.
Enable in postgresql.conf  shared_preload_libraries = ‘pg_stat_statements’ 3. Restart your database 4. Create the extension  CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements; Enabling pg_stat_statements

@LukasFittl Supported on cloud platforms

@LukasFittl queryid | 1720234670 query | SELECT * FROM x
WHERE y = ? calls | 5 total_time | 15.249 Query + No. of Calls + Avg Time

@LukasFittl shared_blks_hit | 2447215 shared_blks_read | 55335 Avg. Shared Buffer
Hit Rate hit_rate = shared_blks_hit / (shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read) 97.78% Cache Hit Rate

@LukasFittl blk_read_time | 14.594 blk_write_time | 465.661 Time spent reading/writing
to disk track_io_timing = on

@LukasFittl Lock Statistics pg_locks pid: process ID (JOIN to pg_stat_activity.pid!)
locktype: type of object being locked mode: locking type (e.g. AccessExclusive) granted: Lock Granted vs Being Waited For …

@LukasFittl Lock Statistics pg_locks SELECT * FROM pg_locks WHERE NOT
granted

@LukasFittl Lock Statistics pg_locks SELECT locktype, mode, COUNT(*) FROM pg_locks
WHERE granted GROUP BY 1, 2

@LukasFittl autovacuum

@LukasFittl autovacuum => SELECT pid, query FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query
LIKE 'autovacuum: %'; 10469 | autovacuum: VACUUM ANALYZE public.schema_columns 12848 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.replication_follower_stats 28626 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.schema_index_stats | (to prevent wraparound) (3 rows) pg_stat_activity

@LukasFittl autovacuum pg_stat_activity

@LukasFittl autovacuum pg_stat_progress_vacuum relid: OID of the table phase: current
VACUUM phase heap_blks_total: Heap Blocks Total heap_blks_scanned: Heap Blocks Scanned heap_blks_vacuumed: Heap Blocks Vacuumed …

@LukasFittl autovacuum pg_stat_progress_vacuum

@LukasFittl “We had an outage yesterday at 10am - what
happened?”

@LukasFittl Keeping Historic Statistics Data Is Essential

@LukasFittl DIY Monitoring Hack: Save pg_stat_activity and pg_stat_database every 10
seconds into a separate monitoring database

@LukasFittl pg_stat_activity - Number & State of Connections - Oldest
Query Still Running - Oldest Transaction Still Open - Blocked Queries

@LukasFittl pg_stat_database - Transactions Per Second - Data Read Per
Second - Rows Updated/etc Per Second - Deadlocks Per Second - …

@LukasFittl Ability to Drill Down From “High CPU Utilization” To
Specific Set of Queries

@LukasFittl

@LukasFittl CPU Utilization pg_stat_statements.total_runtime

@LukasFittl I/O Utilization pg_stat_statements.blk_read_time pg_stat_statements.blk_write_time

@LukasFittl Cache Hit Ratio % pg_stat_statements.shared_blks_hit pg_stat_statements.shared_blks_read pg_stat_database.blks_hit pg_stat_database.blks_read

@LukasFittl Temporary Files Written pg_stat_statements.temp_blks_written pg_stat_database.temp_bytes

@LukasFittl LOG: duration: 4079.697 ms execute <unnamed>: SELECT * FROM
x WHERE y = $1 LIMIT $2 DETAIL: parameters: $1 = 'long string', $2 = ‘1' Slow Queries log_min_duration_statement = 1000 ms

@LukasFittl

@LukasFittl auto_explain logs the query plan  for specific slow queries

@LukasFittl

@LukasFittl log_lock_waits = on LOG: process 20679 still waiting for
ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 after 1000.115 ms LOG: process 20678 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 after 1000.126 ms LOG: process 15533 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.129 ms LOG: process 20663 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.100 ms LOG: process 15537 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.130 ms LOG: process 15536 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.222 ms LOG: process 20734 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.130 ms LOG: process 15538 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.136 ms LOG: process 15758 still waiting for ShareLock on transaction 250175899 after 1000.073 ms Lock Waits

@LukasFittl

@LukasFittl application: pganalyze controller: graphql action: graphql line: /app/graphql/organization_type.rb …
graphql: getOrganizationDetails.logVolume24h request_id: 44bd562e-0f53-453f-831f-498e61ab6db5

@LukasFittl github.com/basecamp/marginalia Automatic Query Annotations For Ruby on Rails

@LukasFittl 3 Take-Aways 1. Collect Historic Metrics 2. Focus on
Drill-Down To Query Level 3. Annotate Your Queries With Their Origin

@LukasFittl Monitor Your Postgres: pganalyze.com    Scale Your Postgres: citusdata.com
Thanks!

Monitoring Postgres at Scale

Monitoring Postgres at Scale

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