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Monitoring PostgreSQL at Scale

Monitoring PostgreSQL at Scale

Talk at Postgres Conf NYC 2018

Monitor Your Postgres: https://pganalyze.com



Scale Your Postgres: https://citusdata.com

Lukas Fittl

April 18, 2018
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  1. @LukasFittl Statistics That Matter Two Tables To Remember Breaking Down

    High-Level Statistics Log Events Worth Knowing Fingerprinting & Tracing Queries
  2. @LukasFittl Statistics That Matter Two Tables To Remember Breaking Down

    High-Level Statistics Log Events Worth Knowing Fingerprinting & Tracing Queries
  3. @LukasFittl Statistics Are Often Counters * except when reset /

    overrun Counts only go up*,
 calculate diffs!
  4. @LukasFittl pg_stat_user_tables relname: name of the table seq_scan: # of

    sequential scans idx_scan: # of index scans n_tup_(ins/del/upd): # of rows modified n_live_tup: live rows n_dead_tup: dead rows last_(auto)vacuum: last VACUUM last_(auto)analyze: last ANALYZE …
  5. @LukasFittl SELECT relname, n_live_tup, seq_scan + idx_scan, 100 * idx_scan

    / (seq_scan + idx_scan) FROM pg_stat_user_tables ORDER BY n_live_tup DESC Index Hit Rate Target: >= 95% on large, active tables
  6. @LukasFittl pg_statio_user_tables relname: name of the table heap_blks_read: blocks from

    disk / OS cache heap_blks_hit: blocks from buffer cache idx_blks_read: index blks from disk idx_blks_hit: index blks from buffer cache …
  7. @LukasFittl pg_stat_activity pid: process ID backend_type: “client backend” vs internal

    processes state: idle/active/idle in transaction state_change: time of state change query: current/last running query backend_start: process start time xact_start: TX start time query_start: query start time wait_event: what backend is waiting for (e.g. Lock, I/O, etc) …
  8. @LukasFittl Longest Running Query SELECT now() - query_start, query FROM

    pg_stat_activity
 WHERE state = ‘active’ ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 1
  9. @LukasFittl 1. Install postgresql contrib package (if not installed) 2.

    Enable in postgresql.conf
 shared_preload_libraries = ‘pg_stat_statements’ 3. Restart your database 4. Create the extension
 CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements; pg_stat_statements
  10. @LukasFittl SELECT * FROM pg_stat_statements; userid | 10 dbid |

    1397527 query | SELECT * FROM x WHERE calls | 5 total_time | 15.249 rows | 0 shared_blks_hit | 451 shared_blks_read | 41 shared_blks_dirtied | 26 shared_blks_written | 0 local_blks_hit | 0 pg_stat_statements
  11. @LukasFittl queryid | 1720234670 query | SELECT * FROM x

    WHERE y = ? calls | 5 total_time | 15.249 Query + No. of Calls + Avg Time
  12. @LukasFittl shared_blks_hit | 2447215 shared_blks_read | 55335 Avg. Shared Buffer

    Hit Rate hit_rate = shared_blks_hit / (shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read) 97.78% Cache Hit Rate
  13. AVG | QUERY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10.7ms | SELECT oid, typname, typelem,

    typdelim, typinput FROM pg_type 3.0ms | SET time zone 'UTC' 0.4ms | SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod), pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum WHERE a.attrelid = ?::regclass AND a.attnum > ? AND NOT a.attisdropped ORDER BY a.attnum 0.2ms | SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset() 0.1ms | SELECT query, calls, total_time FROM pg_stat_statements 0.1ms | SELECT attr.attname FROM pg_attribute attr INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[?] WHERE cons.contype = ? AND cons.conrelid = ?: :regclass 0.0ms | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_class c LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace WHERE c.relkind in (?,?) AND c.relname = ? AND n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(?)) 0.0ms | SELECT * FROM posts JOIN users ON (posts.author_id = users.id) WHERE users.login = ?; 0.0ms | SET client_min_messages TO 'panic' 0.0ms | set client_encoding to 'UTF8' 0.0ms | SHOW client_min_messages 0.0ms | SELECT * FROM ad_reels WHERE id = ?; 0.0ms | SELECT * FROM posts WHERE guid = ?; 0.0ms | SELECT ? 0.0ms | SET client_min_messages TO 'warning' 0.0ms | SET standard_conforming_strings = on 0.0ms | SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY "posts"."id" DESC LIMIT ? 0.0ms | SHOW TIME ZONE pg_qtop -d testdb
  14. AVG | QUERY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.0ms | SELECT * FROM posts

    JOIN users ON (posts.author_id = users.id) WHERE users.login = ?; 0.0ms | SELECT * FROM posts WHERE guid = ?; 0.0ms | SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY "posts"."id" DESC LIMIT ? pg_qtop -d testdb -t posts
  15. AVG | CALLS | HIT RATE | QUERY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.1ms

    | 1 | 100.0 | SELECT * FROM users; 0.1ms | 1 | - | SELECT * FROM databases; 0.0ms | 1 | - | SELECT * FROM invoices; 0.0ms | 1 | - | SELECT * FROM query_snapshots; pg_qtop -d testdb -s select
  16. @LukasFittl Lock Statistics pg_locks pid: process ID (JOIN to pg_stat_activity.pid!)

    locktype: type of object being locked mode: locking type (e.g. AccessExclusive) granted: Lock Granted vs Being Waited For …
  17. @LukasFittl Checkpoint Statistics pg_stat_bgwriter checkpoints_timed: # of scheduled checkpoints checkpoints_req:

    # of requested checkpoints 1. Time Between Checkpoints 2. % of Timed Checkpoints
  18. @LukasFittl autovacuum => SELECT pid, query FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query

    LIKE 'autovacuum: %'; 10469 | autovacuum: VACUUM ANALYZE public.schema_columns 12848 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.replication_follower_stats 28626 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.schema_index_stats | (to prevent wraparound) (3 rows) pg_stat_activity
  19. @LukasFittl autovacuum pg_stat_progress_vacuum relid: OID of the table phase: current

    VACUUM phase heap_blks_total: Heap Blocks Total heap_blks_scanned: Heap Blocks Scanned heap_blks_vacuumed: Heap Blocks Vacuumed …
  20. @LukasFittl pg_stat_replication client_addr: ip address of the follower backend_start: replication

    start time state: replication state (ideally = streaming) replay_location: WAL location
  21. @LukasFittl Statistics That Matter Two Tables To Remember Breaking Down

    High-Level Statistics Log Events Worth Knowing Fingerprinting & Tracing Queries
  22. @LukasFittl pg_stat_activity - Number & State of Connections - Oldest

    Query Still Running - Oldest Transaction Still Open - Blocked Queries
  23. @LukasFittl pg_stat_database - Transactions Per Second - Data Read Per

    Second - Rows Updated/etc Per Second - Deadlocks Per Second - …
  24. @LukasFittl Statistics That Matter Two Tables To Remember Breaking Down

    High-Level Statistics Log Events Worth Knowing Fingerprinting & Tracing Queries
  25. @LukasFittl Statistics That Matter Two Tables To Remember Breaking Down

    High-Level Statistics Log Events Worth Knowing Fingerprinting & Tracing Queries
  26. @LukasFittl LOG: duration: 4079.697 ms execute <unnamed>: SELECT * FROM

    x WHERE y = $1 LIMIT $2 DETAIL: parameters: $1 = 'long string', $2 = ‘1' Slow Queries log_min_duration_statement = 1000 ms
  27. @LukasFittl Cancelled Queries ERROR: canceling statement due to statement timeout

    STATEMENT: SELECT 1 ERROR: canceling statement due to
 user request STATEMENT: SELECT 1 …
  28. @LukasFittl log_lock_waits = on LOG: process 20679 still waiting for

    ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 after 1000.115 ms LOG: process 20678 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 after 1000.126 ms LOG: process 15533 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.129 ms LOG: process 20663 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.100 ms LOG: process 15537 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.130 ms LOG: process 15536 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.222 ms LOG: process 20734 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.130 ms LOG: process 15538 still waiting for ExclusiveLock on tuple (566,1) of relation 16421 1000.136 ms LOG: process 15758 still waiting for ShareLock on transaction 250175899 after 1000.073 ms Lock Waits
  29. @LukasFittl archive_command Failures LOG: archive command failed with exit code

    1 DETAIL: The failed archive command was: /my_backup_script.sh pg_xlog/ 0000000100025DFA00000023
  30. @LukasFittl Out of Memory ERROR: out of memory DETAIL: Failed

    on request of size 408028. QUERY: SELECT 1 ...
  31. @LukasFittl Server Crash / Segfault LOG: server process (PID 660)

    was terminated by signal 6: Aborted DETAIL: Failed process was running: SELECT pg_advisory_lock(1, 2); LOG: terminating any other active server processes WARNING: terminating connection because of crash of another server process …
  32. @LukasFittl TXID Wraparound WARNING: database “mydb" must be vacuumed within

    938860 transactions HINT: To avoid a database shutdown, execute a full- database VACUUM in “mydb".
  33. @LukasFittl TXID Wraparound ERROR: database is not accepting commands to

    avoid wraparound data loss in database “mydb” HINT: Stop the postmaster and use a standalone backend to vacuum that database. You might also need to commit or roll back old prepared transactions.
  34. @LukasFittl Statistics That Matter Two Tables To Remember Breaking Down

    High-Level Statistics Log Events Worth Knowing Fingerprinting & Tracing Queries
  35. @LukasFittl SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ‘value’

    SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ‘other_value’ A B
  36. @LukasFittl SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ?

    SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ? A A
  37. @LukasFittl SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ?

    SELECT a, b —— COMMENT FROM public.test WHERE col = ? A B
  38. @LukasFittl # SELECT queryid, query FROM pg_stat_statements; queryid | query

    ------------+---------------------------------------- 1115711211 | SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = $1 (1 row) pg_stat_statements
  39. @LukasFittl SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ?

    SELECT a, b —— COMMENT FROM public.test WHERE col = ? A queryid = 1115711211 queryid = 1115711211 A
  40. @LukasFittl SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ?

    SELECT b, a —— COMMENT FROM public.test WHERE col = ? A queryid = 1115711211 queryid = 2511327719 B
  41. @LukasFittl irb> PgQuery.fingerprint( ‘SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col

    = $1’) => 0254f1e78f2d47b258d7b022f3dfa5794351a75128 pg_query
  42. @LukasFittl SELECT a, b FROM public.test WHERE col = ?

    SELECT b, a /* COMMENT */ FROM public.test WHERE col = ? A fingerprint = 0254f1e78f2d47b258d7b022f3dfa5794351a75128 fingerprint = 0254f1e78f2d47b258d7b022f3dfa5794351a75128 A
  43. @LukasFittl PgQuery.fingerprint - Based on Postgres Parsetree - Table names,

    not OIDs - Identical across servers
 & Postgres versions https://github.com/lfittl/libpg_query/wiki/Fingerprinting
  44. @LukasFittl application: pganalyze controller: graphql action: graphql line: /app/graphql/organization_type.rb …

    graphql: getOrganizationDetails.logVolume24h request_id: 44bd562e-0f53-453f-831f-498e61ab6db5
  45. @LukasFittl 3 Take-Aways 1. Collect Historic Metrics 2. Focus on

    Drill-Down To Query Level 3. Annotate Your Queries With Their Origin