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.NET Serialization: Detecting and defending vu...

Alvaro
April 06, 2018

.NET Serialization: Detecting and defending vulnerable endpoints

2016 was the year of Java deserialization apocalypse. Although Java Deserialization attacks were known for years, the publication of the Apache Commons Collection Remote Code Execution gadget (RCE from now on) finally brought this forgotten vulnerability to the spotlight and motivated the community to start finding and fixing these issues. .NET is next in line; formatters such as BinaryFormatter and NetDataContractSerializer are known to share similar mechanics which make them potentially vulnerable to similar RCE attacks. However, as we saw with Java before, the lack of RCE gadgets led some software vendors to not take this issue seriously. In this talk, we will analyze .NET serializers including third party JSON parsers for potential RCE vectors. We will provide real-world examples of vulnerable code and more importantly, we will review how these vulnerabilities were detected and fixed in each case.

Alvaro

April 06, 2018
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  1. > whoami § Alvaro Muñoz a.k.a. @pwntester - Principal security

    researcher with Micro Focus Fortify - Presented my research at different conferences such as: - BlackHat, Defcon, RSA, OWASP AppSecEU, AppSecUSA, JavaOne, etc. - Responsibly reported critical vulnerabilities to companies/frameworks such as: - Microsoft, Oracle, Workday, Salesforce, HPE, Pivotal, Apache, Atlassian, Lightbend, etc.
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  3. 6 Tic Tic Tic Tic Tic Tic Tic Tac Tac

    Tac Tac Tac Tac Tac Tac 10101011001010110 1010101011011 1000 1000 1010101011010 101010110010101001
  4. Agenda 1. Serialization 101 2. .NET serializers 1. Native 2.

    3rd Party 3. Detecting vulnerable endpoints 4. Fixing vulnerable endpoints Inside
  5. Methods Invoked to Fully Reconstruct Objects § Deserialization callbacks: -

    Java: - readObject/readResolve - .NET: - Deserialization constructor overload • <Type> (SerializationInfo, StreamingContext) - IDeserializationCallback.OnDeserialization(Object) - [OnDeserializing]/[OnDeserialized] annotated methods § Setters 19
  6. Gadgets § Attacker controls: § Gadget: - Type which contains

    one or more methods invoked during the deserialization process that under controlled circumstances may do bad things 20 Type Type Property Values
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  8. Introduction § Attacks on .NET formatters are not new §

    James Forshaw already introduced them at BlackHat 2012 for - BinaryFormatter (Binary) - NetDataContractSerializer (XML) § Lack of Remote Code Execution gadgets until 2017
  9. Vulnerable in default configuration § BinaryFormatter (Binary) - BinaryMessageFormatter (Binary)

    [MSMQ] - ObjectStateFormatter (Binary) [ViewState] - LosFormatter (Binary) § NetDataContractSerializer (XML) § SoapFormatter (XML) § FastJSON (JSON) § Sweet.Jayson (JSON) 27
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  11. Vulnerable if developers mess it up (1/2) §Attacker can control

    Expected Type: -DataContractSerializer (XML) -DataContractJsonSerializer (JSON) -XmlSerializer (XML) - XmlMessageSerializer (XML) [MSMQ] 37
  12. Vulnerable if developers mess it up (2/2) § Insecure Configuration:

    - JavaScriptSerializer (JSON) - JSON.NET (JSON) - FSPickler (JSON) 39
  13. Passive §Magic numbers: §Burp plugin - pwntester/dotnet-deserialization-scanner -False Positives -

    Some Images may contain similar bytes - May appear in signed ViewState AAEAAAD/////…
  14. Active §Send payload and watch execute (DAST) -Use ysoserial.net to

    generate: - DoS gadget (sleep) - URL gadget (DNS Lookup) §Instrument deserialize methods (IAST) -Monitor running application 44
  15. Static § Single dataflow+controlflow - Track data to be deserialized

    - eg: BinaryFormatter § Dual dataflow+controlflow - Track data to be deserialized and expected type - eg: XmlSerializer 45
  16. 1 - Stop using it § Do you really need

    it? - eg: Nancy (CVE-2017-9785) - NCSRF cookie (CSRF token) § Do you really need Type discriminators in JSON/XML? - eg: Breeze (CVE-2017-9424 ) - Type information not needed since it works with JS clients 48
  17. 2 - Sign and verify it § Use HMAC, never

    MD5(secret + data) | SHA1(secret + data) § Examples: - AppHarbor - Azure Active Directory § ASP.NET MVC Futures -> ASP.NET MVC - Uses the DataProtection API which offers both Integrity and Confidentiality § ASP.NET ViewState 50
  18. ViewState § ViewState contains the page state serialized using ObjectStateFormatter.

    § Since 4.5.2 ASP.NET ignores `EnableViewStateMac` and will always sign and encrypt the ViewState - Patch was applied retroactively back to 1.1 § Still found hundreds (200+) of servers using old versions without signing/encryption! 52
  19. ViewState § In 4.5 Microsoft added Purpose to derive unique

    keys for each request 53 KDF Encryption Key Validation Key Encryption Key Validation Key (per-request) Purposes Strings MachineKey (per-request) keys
  20. ViewState § PrimaryPurpose and some specific purposes are easily predictable,

    but what about ViewStateUserKey … 54 URL: /Account/Register
  21. Careful with leaking the keys § Leak web.config through XXE

    vulnerabilities - eg: AfterLogic WebMail Pro ASP.NET 6.2.6 - Administrator Account Disclosure via XXE § Leak web.config through Padding Oracle - (MS10-070) (CVE-2010-3332) § Vulnerability in .NET Framework Could Allow Information Disclosure - (MS15-041) (CVE-2015-1648) 56
  22. Careful with leaking the key 60 https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178199(v=vs.85).aspx You can help

    prevent modification to your application configuration by encrypting sections of configuration files. For more information, see “Encrypting Configuration Information Using Protected Configuration” (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en- us/library/53tyfkaw(v=vs.85).aspx)
  23. 3 - Bind it § Constrain allowed types § Serialization

    binders - Allows users to control class loading and mandate what class to load. § Also Known As “look-ahead deserialization” in Java 61
  24. Also … 66 •Don’t use IsAssignableFrom • Attackers can find

    a generic Object type in the Object graph to place the payload. •Don’t return null for unexpected types • Some serializers fall back to a default binder, allowing exploits. •Don’t use reflection to look up types: Assembly.Load(assemblyName).GetType(typeName); • Reflection is slow, and a malicious user can DoS your application by forcing it to spend memory and time loading irrelevant assemblies. Credit: Jonathan Birch - Microsoft Corporation
  25. 4 - Replace It § Structured Data Approaches: - You

    define how you want your data to be structured once, then you can use special generated source code to easily write and read your structured data to and from a variety of data streams and using a variety of languages. - Eg: Google Protocol Buffers § Untyped JSON/XML - Eg: Json.NET with TypeNameHandling.None 67
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