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Introduction to the Semantic Web - 010PHP Febru...

Arnout Boks
February 14, 2019

Introduction to the Semantic Web - 010PHP February 2019

Joind.in: https://joind.in/talk/53955

What if we could evolve our web of individual documents and data to a web of interlinked knowledge, a web where machines can automatically combine data from multiple sources and draw conclusions from it? The Semantic Web technologies from W3C enable us to make sense of the data wilderness on the web and unlock the full potential of the data treasures hidden in it.

In this talk, we will see how RDF enables us to formally describe the meaning of data and how such data can be queried with SPARQL. We will look at how OWL lets us make more expressive statements about the world, so that a computer can logically reason about it and infer new information. We will demonstrate these technologies by showing how they can be used to query seemingly incompatible data sets as if they were one and letting a computer draw logical (and perhaps surprising) conclusions for us.

Contains: 'retro' technology, linked data, fundamental properties of the web, and Donald Trump's opinion on PHP frameworks.

Arnout Boks

February 14, 2019
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  1. @arnoutboks #010php “Web 2.0” Feed of events • iCalendar or

    vCalendar? • Different types of events?
  2. @arnoutboks #010php “Web 2.0” Weather forecast API • XML or

    JSON? • Which fields and properties? • Which units?
  3. @arnoutboks #010php Semantic web • Question to agent (e.g. Siri,

    Google Assistant) • Agent searches across different sources • Agent combines data • Agent answers question
  4. @arnoutboks #010php Semantic Web (“Web 3.0”?) Web of Linked Data

    for consumption by intelligent agents/PA’s
  5. @arnoutboks #010php Revolutionary? Based on W3C-standards • RDF (1998) •

    RDFS (1998) • SPARQL (2008) • OWL (2004) • …
  6. @arnoutboks #010php RDF (triples) Subject Predicate Object Arnout worksAt Moxio

    Arnout twitterHandle “@arnoutboks” Arnout livesIn Delft Delft cityIn The Netherlands Moxio basedIn Delft
  7. @arnoutboks #010php RDF (graph) Arnout Moxio Delft @arnoutboks worksAt basedIn

    The Netherlands Subject Predicate Object Arnout worksAt Moxio Arnout twitterHandle “@arnoutboks” Arnout livesIn Delft Delft cityIn The Netherlands Moxio basedIn Delft
  8. @arnoutboks #010php Merging RDF (triples) Subject Predicate Object Arnout worksAt

    Moxio Arnout twitterHandle “@arnoutboks” Arnout livesIn Delft Delft cityIn The Netherlands Moxio basedIn Delft Subject Predicate Object The Netherlands hasCapital Amsterdam The Netherlands population “17.000.000”
  9. @arnoutboks #010php Merging RDF (triples) Subject Predicate Object Arnout worksAt

    Moxio Arnout twitterHandle “@arnoutboks” Arnout livesIn Delft Delft cityIn The Netherlands Moxio basedIn Delft The Netherlands hasCapital Amsterdam The Netherlands population “17.000.000”
  10. @arnoutboks #010php Merging RDF (graph) Arnout Moxio Delft @arnoutboks worksAt

    basedIn The Netherlands Amsterdam hasCapital 17.000.000 population
  11. @arnoutboks #010php Serializing RDF: Turtle @prefix : <http://www.example.com/#> . @prefix

    rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax- ns#> . @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . @base <http://www.example.com/> . :Arnout :livesIn :Delft ; :worksAt :Moxio ; :twitterHandle "@arnoutboks"^^xsd:string . :Delft :cityIn :The_Netherlands . :Moxio :basedIn :Delft .
  12. @arnoutboks #010php Serializing RDF: RDF/XML <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns="http://www.example.com/#" <!--

    ... -->> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.com/#Arnout"> <twitterHandle rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">@a rnoutboks</twitterHandle> <worksAt rdf:resource="http://www.example.com/#Moxio"/> <livesIn rdf:resource="http://www.example.com/#Delft"/> </rdf:Description> <!-- ... --> </rdf:RDF>
  13. @arnoutboks #010php Serializing RDF: JSON-LD [ { "@id" : "http://www.example.com/#Arnout",

    "http://www.example.com/#livesIn" : [ { "@id" : "http://www.example.com/#Delft" } ], "http://www.example.com/#twitterHandle" : [ { "@value" : "@arnoutboks" } ], "http://www.example.com/#worksAt" : [ { "@id" : "http://www.example.com/#Moxio" } ] }, ... ]
  14. @arnoutboks #010php Identity Subject Predicate Object Amsterdam numberOfGuns “42” Amsterdam

    status Wrecked National Maritime Museum (“Scheepvaartmuseum”)
  15. @arnoutboks #010php Identity Subject Predicate Object Amsterdam numberOfGuns “42” Amsterdam

    status Wrecked Subject Predicate Object The Netherlands hasCapital Amsterdam The Netherlands population “17.000.000” National Maritime Museum (“Scheepvaartmuseum”) Lonely Planet
  16. @arnoutboks #010php URI’s for namespacing National Maritime Museum (“Scheepvaartmuseum”) https://www.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl/ships/Amsterdam

    https://www.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl/ships/numberOfGuns Lonely Planet https://www.lonelyplanet.com/Amsterdam https://www.lonelyplanet.com/hasCapital
  17. @arnoutboks #010php Prefixes & QNames National Maritime Museum (“Scheepvaartmuseum”) nmm:Amsterdam

    nmm:numberOfGuns Lonely Planet lonelyplanet:Amsterdam lonelyplanet:hasCapital
  18. @arnoutboks #010php Absence of information Subject Predicate Object whitehouse:Trump fw:knows

    php-fig:Symfony whitehouse:Trump fw:knows php-fig:CakePHP whitehouse:Trump fw:knows php-fig:CodeIgniter
  19. @arnoutboks #010php SPARQL SELECT ?employee ?company WHERE { ?employee :worksAt

    ?company . ?company :basedIn :Delft . } ?employee ?company :Arnout :Moxio
  20. @arnoutboks #010php SPARQL SELECT ?employee ?company ?city WHERE { ?employee

    :worksAt ?company . ?company :basedIn ?city . ?employee :livesIn ?city . } ?employee ?company ?city :Arnout :Moxio :Delft
  21. @arnoutboks #010php Online SPARQL endpoints PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX dbr:

    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> SELECT ?song ?runtime WHERE { ?song dbo:artist dbr:The_Beatles . ?song dbo:runtime ?runtime . ?song rdf:type dbo:Song . } ORDER BY DESC (?runtime)
  22. @arnoutboks #010php Online SPARQL endpoints PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX dbr:

    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> SELECT ?ancestor WHERE { dbr:Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands dbo:parent+ ?ancestor . }
  23. @arnoutboks #010php RDF Schema (RDFS) Describes the structure of RDF-data…

    in RDF • Classes • Properties • Domain and range of properties • Inheritance of classes • ‘Inheritance’ of properties
  24. @arnoutboks #010php RDF Schema (RDFS) Subject Predicate Object :DonaldTrump :isFatherOf

    :IvankaTrump :isFatherOf rdfs:range :Person :isFatherOf rdfs:domain :Father :Father rdfs:subclassOf :Parent :Parent rdfs:subclassOf :Person :isFatherOf rdfs:subpropertyOf :isParentOf
  25. @arnoutboks #010php RDF Schema & Inference Subject Predicate Object :DonaldTrump

    :isFatherOf :IvankaTrump :isFatherOf rdfs:range :Person :isFatherOf rdfs:domain :Father :Father rdfs:subclassOf :Parent :Parent rdfs:subclassOf :Person :isFatherOf rdfs:subpropertyOf :isParentOf :IvankaTrump rdf:type :Person :DonaldTrump rdf:type :Father :DonaldTrump rdf:type :Parent :DonaldTrump rdf:type :Person :DonaldTrump :isParentOf :IvankaTrump
  26. @arnoutboks #010php SPARQL & Inference SELECT ?person WHERE { ?person

    rdf:type :Person . } ?person :IvankaTrump :DonaldTrump
  27. @arnoutboks #010php Combining data using inference Subject Predicate Object a:DonaldTrump

    rdf:type a:Person Datasource A Subject Predicate Object b:MelaniaTrump rdf:type b:Human Datasource B
  28. @arnoutboks #010php Combining data using inference Subject Predicate Object a:DonaldTrump

    rdf:type a:Person Datasource A Subject Predicate Object b:MelaniaTrump rdf:type b:Human Datasource B Subject Predicate Object a:Person rdfs:subclassOf b:Human b:Human rdfs:subclassOf a:Person Mapping rules
  29. @arnoutboks #010php Combining data using inference Subject Predicate Object a:DonaldTrump

    rdf:type a:Person b:MelaniaTrump rdf:type b:Human a:Person rdfs:subclassOf b:Human b:Human rdfs:subclassOf a:Person a:DonaldTrump rdf:type b:Human b:MelaniaTrump rdf:type a:Person
  30. @arnoutboks #010php RDF Schema vs. JSON/XML Schema Subject Predicate Object

    mi6:JamesBond rdf:type mi6:SecretAgent mi6:JamesBond nmm:numberOfGuns “1” MI6 files
  31. @arnoutboks #010php RDF Schema vs. JSON/XML Schema Subject Predicate Object

    mi6:JamesBond rdf:type mi6:SecretAgent mi6:JamesBond nmm:numberOfGuns “1” MI6 files
  32. @arnoutboks #010php RDF Schema vs. JSON/XML Schema Subject Predicate Object

    mi6:JamesBond rdf:type mi6:SecretAgent mi6:JamesBond nmm:numberOfGuns “1” MI6 files Subject Predicate Object nmm:numberOfGuns rdf:domain nmm:Ship National Maritime Museum (“Scheepvaartmuseum”)
  33. @arnoutboks #010php RDF Schema vs. JSON/XML Schema Subject Predicate Object

    mi6:JamesBond rdf:type mi6:SecretAgent mi6:JamesBond nmm:numberOfGuns “1” nmm:numberOfGuns rdf:domain nmm:Ship mi6:JamesBond rdf:type nmm:Ship
  34. @arnoutboks #010php Web Ontology Language (OWL) Even smarter inferencing Web

    Ontology Language (OWL) Even smarter inferencing
  35. @arnoutboks #010php OWL: Inverse properties Subject Predicate Object :DonaldTrump :isParentOf

    :IvankaTrump :isParentOf owl:inverseOf :isChildOf :IvankaTrump :isChildOf :DonaldTrump
  36. @arnoutboks #010php OWL: Symmetric properties Subject Predicate Object :DonaldTrump :isMarriedTo

    :MelaniaTrump :isMarriedTo rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty :MelaniaTrump :isMarriedTo :DonaldTrump
  37. @arnoutboks #010php OWL: Equality Subject Predicate Object :DonaldTrump :isMarriedTo :MelaniaTrump

    :DonaldTrump owl:sameAs :TheDon :TheDon :isMarriedTo :MelaniaTrump
  38. @arnoutboks #010php OWL: Functional properties Subject Predicate Object :IvankaTrump :hasFather

    :DonaldTrump :IvankaTrump :hasFather :TheDon :hasFather rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty :TheDon owl:sameAs :DonaldTrump
  39. @arnoutboks #010php Inconsistency Subject Predicate Object :IvankaTrump :hasFather :DonaldTrump :IvankaTrump

    :hasFather :TheDon :hasFather rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty :TheDon owl:differentFrom :DonaldTrump
  40. @arnoutboks #010php It’s okay to be inconsistent… (remember the AAA

    slogan) …but the reasoner won’t help you anymore
  41. @arnoutboks #010php Reifying a statement Subject Predicate Object php-fig:CakePHP fw:isBetterThan

    php-fig:Symfony Subject Predicate Object :Statement1 rdf:subject php-fig:CakePHP :Statement1 rdf:predicate fw:isBetterThan :Statement1 rdf:object php-fig:Symfony Reification
  42. @arnoutboks #010php Use cases for reification Subject Predicate Object :Statement1

    rdf:subject php-fig:CakePHP :Statement1 rdf:predicate fw:isBetterThan :Statement1 rdf:object php-fig:Symfony
  43. @arnoutboks #010php Use cases for reification Subject Predicate Object :Statement1

    rdf:subject php-fig:CakePHP :Statement1 rdf:predicate fw:isBetterThan :Statement1 rdf:object php-fig:Symfony whitehouse:Trump :says :Statement1
  44. @arnoutboks #010php Use cases for reification Subject Predicate Object :Statement1

    rdf:subject php-fig:CakePHP :Statement1 rdf:predicate fw:isBetterThan :Statement1 rdf:object php-fig:Symfony whitehouse:Trump :says :Statement1 :Statement1 :reliability "0.1"
  45. @arnoutboks #010php Use cases for reification Subject Predicate Object :Statement1

    rdf:subject php-fig:CakePHP :Statement1 rdf:predicate fw:isBetterThan :Statement1 rdf:object php-fig:Symfony whitehouse:Trump :says :Statement1 :Statement1 :reliability "0.1" :Statement1 :validUntil "2010-01-01"
  46. @arnoutboks #010php Use cases for reification Subject Predicate Object :Statement1

    rdf:subject php-fig:CakePHP :Statement1 rdf:predicate fw:isBetterThan :Statement1 rdf:object php-fig:Symfony whitehouse:Trump :says :Statement1 :Statement1 :reliability "0.1" :Statement1 :validUntil "2010-01-01"
  47. @arnoutboks #010php Let’s get meta Subject Predicate Object :Statement1 rdf:subject

    php-fig:CakePHP :Statement1 rdf:predicate fw:isBetterThan :Statement1 rdf:object php-fig:Symfony :Statement2 rdf:subject whitehouse:Trump :Statement2 rdf:predicate :says :Statement2 rdf:object :Statement1 whitehouse:PressSec :says :Statement2
  48. @arnoutboks #010php Leveraging the Semantic Web Mapping between vocabularies: •

    rdfs:subclassOf • rdfs:subpropertyOf • owl:inverseOf • owl:sameAs
  49. @arnoutboks #010php Existing vocabularies • Dublin Core • Metadata about

    publications and authors • Friend of a Friend • People, connections, social networks • GoodRelations • Products, prices, eCommerce • CB-NL • Construction, infrastructure, spatial planning • QUDT • Quantities, units, dimensions, conversions
  50. @arnoutboks #010php Resources • Apache Jena (includes Fuseki triple store)

    • Semantic web framework/tools (written in Java) • easyrdf/easyrdf • RDF parser/writer for PHP • semsol/arc2 • PHP RDF library and MySQL-based triple store • FaCT++, HermiT & Pellet • Open source OWL reasoners • Protégé • RDF/OWL IDE with various reasoner plugins
  51. @arnoutboks #010php Resources • https://www.w3.org/2013/data/ • https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/ • https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/ •

    https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ • https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/ • http://wiki.dbpedia.org/OnlineAccess • https://www.data.gov/ • http://lod-cloud.net/
  52. @arnoutboks #010php Feedback & Questions @arnoutboks @arnoutboks @aboks Arnout Boks

    Please leave your feedback on joind.in: https://joind.in/talk/53955
  53. @arnoutboks #010php Image Credits • https://www.flickr.com/photos/lex-photographic/32521124574 • https://www.flickr.com/photos/flamesworddragon/19686463141 • https://www.flickr.com/photos/littlehuw/15236543728

    • https://www.flickr.com/photos/crdominguez/422517106 • https://www.flickr.com/photos/pamwood707/5646757752 • https://www.flickr.com/photos/blair25/3240686470 • https://www.flickr.com/photos/tylerbeaulawrence/15167523690 • https://www.flickr.com/photos/23975018@N04/3675503072 • https://pixabay.com/nl/nuance-stalen-kleur-pantone-1074766/ • https://www.flickr.com/photos/borkurdotnet/9682277597