Kotlin - from basics to DSLs

@antonarhipov Kotlin: from basics to DSLs

@antonarhipov Developer Advocate @ JetBrains Anton Arhipov

2011 - a new general purpose statically typed alternative language
for the JVM Later - Android, Kotlin/JS, Kotlin/Native, WASM… 2014 - Kotlin 1.0 2017 - Main language for Android Current: Kotlin 1.6.20

What developers say: Concise & modern Coroutines MPP, Kotlin/JS stdlib
Null-safety

Concise & modern Just a syntax sugar Sceptic

Concise & modern Just a syntax sugar MPP is not
ready (and I don’t need it) Sceptic MPP, Kotlin/JS

ready (and I don’t need it) We have libs for async (RxJava) Sceptic Java 17 will bring Loom!11 MPP, Kotlin/JS Coroutines

ready (and I don’t need it) We have libs for async (RxJava) Sceptic Java 17 will bring Loom!11 Null-safety can be achieved with Optional MPP, Kotlin/JS Coroutines Null-safety

ready (and I don’t need it) We have libs for async (RxJava) Sceptic Java 17 will bring Loom!11 Java now has records, sealed classes, and pattern matching Null-safety can be achieved with Optional MPP, Kotlin/JS Coroutines Null-safety

https://kotlinlang.org/docs/comparison-to-java.html#some-java-issues-addressed-in-kotlin

https://kotlinlang.org/docs/comparison-to-java.html#what-java-has-that-kotlin-does-not

https://kotlinlang.org/docs/comparison-to-java.html#what-kotlin-has-that-java-does-not

val person = person {

Top-Level (Extension) Functions

fun main() { doSomething() } fun doSomething() { doMoreStuff( :
: finishWork) } fun doMoreStuff(callback: () -> Unit) { callback() } fun finishWork() { TODO("Not implemented yet") }

fun main() { doSomething() } fun doSomething() { doMoreStuff( :
: finishWork) } fun doMoreStuff(callback: () -> Unit) { callback() } fun finishWork() { TODO("Not implemented yet") } Just functions, no classes!

Don’t create classes just to hold functions!

class StringUtils { companion object { fun isPhoneNumber(s: String) =
s.length = = 7 & & s.all { it.isDigit() } } }

s.length = = 7 & & s.all { it.isDigit() } } } object StringUtils { fun isPhoneNumber(s: String) = s.length = = 7 & & s.all { it.isDigit() } }

s.length = = 7 & & s.all { it.isDigit() } } } object StringUtils { fun isPhoneNumber(s: String) = s.length = = 7 & & s.all { it.isDigit() } } fun isPhoneNumber(s: String) = s.length == 7 && s.all { it.isDigit() }

s.length = = 7 & & s.all { it.isDigit() } } } object StringUtils { fun isPhoneNumber(s: String) = s.length = = 7 & & s.all { it.isDigit() } } fun isPhoneNumber(s: String) = s.length == 7 && s.all { it.isDigit() } fun String.isPhoneNumber() = length == 7 && all { it.isDigit() }

Extension or a member? https://kotlinlang.org/docs/coding-conventions.html#extension-functions Use extension functions liberally Restrict
the visibility to minimize API pollutio n As necessary, use local extension functions, member extension functions, or top-level extension functions with private visibility

fun findMessageById(id: String) = db.query( "select * from messages where
id = ?", RowMapper { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) }, id ) val db: JdbcTemplate = ...

id = ?", RowMapper { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) }, id ) @Override public <T> List<T> query(String sql, RowMapper<T> rowMapper, @Nullable Object . .. args) throws DataAccessException { return result(query(sql, args, new RowMapperResultSetExtractor < > (rowMapper))); }

id = ?", RowMapper { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) }, id )

id = ?", id, RowMapper { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) } )

id = ?", id, { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) } ) SAM conversion

id = ?", id) { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) } Trailing lambda parameter

fun findMessageById(id: String) = db.query("select * from messages where id
= ?", id ) { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) }

fun findMessageById(id: String) = db.query("select * from messages where id
= ?", id ) { rs, _ -> Message(rs.getString("id"), rs.getString("text")) } fun <T> JdbcOperations.query(sql: String, vararg args: Any, function: (ResultSet, Int) -> T): List<T> = query(sql, RowMapper { rs, i -> function(rs, i) }, *args) Extension function!

Scope functions apply, let, run, also, with

val dataSource = BasicDataSource( ) dataSource.driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" dataSource.url =
"jdbc:mysql://domain:3309/db" dataSource.username = "username" dataSource.password = "password" dataSource.maxTotal = 40 dataSource.maxIdle = 40 dataSource.minIdle = 4

val dataSource = BasicDataSource( ) dataSource.driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" dataSource.url =
"jdbc:mysql://domain:3309/db" dataSource.username = "username" dataSource.password = "password" dataSource.maxTotal = 40 dataSource.maxIdle = 40 dataSource.minIdle = 4 val dataSource = BasicDataSource().apply { driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" url = "jdbc:mysql://domain:3309/db" username = "username" password = "password" maxTotal = 40 maxIdle = 40 minIdle = 4 }

val dataSource = BasicDataSource().apply { driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" url =
"jdbc:mysql://domain:3309/db" username = "username" password = "password" maxTotal = 40 maxIdle = 40 minIdle = 4 } public inline fun <T> T.apply(block: T.() -> Unit): T { block() return this }

val dataSource = BasicDataSource().apply { driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" url =
"jdbc:mysql://domain:3309/db" username = "username" password = "password" maxTotal = 40 maxIdle = 40 minIdle = 4 } public inline fun <T> T.apply(block: T.() -> Unit): T { block() return this } Lambda with receiver

?.let val order = retrieveOrder() if (order != null){ processCustomer(order.customer)
}

val order = retrieveOrder() if (order != null){ processCustomer(order.customer) }
retrieveOrder() ?. let { processCustomer(it.customer) } retrieveOrder() ?. customer ?. let { :: processCustomer } or ?.let

fun makeDir(path: String) = path.let { File(it) }.also { it.mkdirs()
}

} Don’t overuse the scope functions!

} fun makeDir(path: String) : File { val file = File(path) file.mkdirs() return file } Don’t overuse the scope functions! This is simpler!

} fun makeDir(path: String) : File { val file = File(path) file.mkdirs() return file } Don’t overuse the scope functions! This is simpler! fun makeDir(path: String) = File(path).also { it.mkdirs() } OK, this one is actually fi ne :)

Default argument values and named parameters

fun find(name: String){ find(name, true) } fun find(name: String, recursive:
Boolean){ } Function overloading

Boolean){ } fun find(name: String, recursive: Boolean = true){ } Default argument value Function overloading

Boolean){ } fun find(name: String, recursive: Boolean = true){ } fun main() { find("myfile.txt") } Default argument value Function overloading

class Figure( val width: Int = 1, val height: Int
= 1, val depth: Int = 1, color: Color = Color.BLACK, description: String = "This is a 3d figure", ) Figure(Color.RED, "Red figure")

= 1, val depth: Int = 1, color: Color = Color.BLACK, description: String = "This is a 3d figure", ) Figure(Color.RED, "Red figure") Compilation error

= 1, val depth: Int = 1, color: Color = Color.BLACK, description: String = "This is a 3d figure", ) Figure(color = Color.RED, description = "Red figure")

Default argument values diminish the need for overloading in most
cases.

Default argument values diminish the need for overloading in most
cases. Named parameters is a necessary tool for working with default argument values

Expressions try, if, when

fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather): Drive { val result: Drive if (weather
is Rainy) { result = Safe() } else { result = Calm() } return result }

fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather): Drive { val result: Drive = if
(weather is Rainy) { Safe() } else { Calm() } return result }

fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather): Drive { return if (weather is Rainy)
{ Safe() } else { Calm() } }

fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather): Drive = if (weather is Rainy) {
Safe() } else { Calm() }

fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather) = if (weather is Rainy) { Safe()
} else { Calm() }

fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather) = if (weather is Rainy) Safe() else
Calm() Is it concise? Sure!

Calm() Is it readable? It depends!

Calm() What does the function return?

fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather): Drive = ... fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather) =
... For public API, keep the return type in the signature For private API it is generally OK to use type inference

Calm()

abstract class Weather class Sunny : Weather() class Rainy :
Weather() fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather) = when (weather) { is Rainy -> Safe() else -> Calm() }

sealed class Weather class Sunny : Weather() class Rainy :
Weather() fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather) = when (weather) { is Rainy -> Safe() / / else -> Calm() }

Weather() fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather) = when (weather) { is Rainy -> Safe() is Sunny -> TODO() }

Weather() fun adjustSpeed(weather: Weather) = when (weather) { is Rainy -> Safe() is Sunny -> TODO() } Use expressions! Use when as expression body Use sealed classes with when

Use try as expression body fun tryParse(number: String) : Int?
{ try { return Integer.parseInt(number) } catch (e: NumberFormatException) { return null } }

Use try as expression body fun tryParse(number: String) = try
{ Integer.parseInt(number) } catch (e: NumberFormatException) { null }

Null-safety

class Nullable { fun someFunction(){} } fun createNullable(): Nullable? =
null fun main() { val n: Nullable? = createNullable() n.someFunction() }

Consider using null-safe call val order = retrieveOrder() if (order
== null || order.customer = = null || order.customer.address == null){ throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid Order") } val city = order.customer.address.city

Consider using null-safe call val order = retrieveOrder() val city
= order ?. customer ? . address ?. city

Consider using null-safe call val order = retrieveOrder() val city
= order ?. customer ? . address ?. city ?: throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid Order")

Avoid not-null assertions !! val order = retrieveOrder() val city
= order !! .customer !! .address !! .city “You may notice that the double exclamation mark looks a bit rude: it’s almost like you’re yelling at the compiler. This is intentional.” - Kotlin in Action

Avoid not-null assertions !! class MyTest { class State(val data:
String) private var state: State? = null @BeforeEach fun setup() { state = State("abc") } @Test fun foo() { assertEquals("abc", state !! .data) } }

Avoid not-null assertions !! class MyTest { class State(val data:
String) private var state: State? = null @BeforeEach fun setup() { state = State("abc") } @Test fun foo() { assertEquals("abc", state !! .data) } } class MyTest { class State(val data: String) private lateinit var state: State @BeforeEach fun setup() { state = State("abc") } @Test fun foo() { assertEquals("abc", state.data) } } - use lateinit

Use elvis operator class Person(val name: String?, val age: Int?)
val p = retrievePerson() ?: Person()

Use elvis operator as return and throw class Person(val name:
String?, val age: Int?) fun processPerson(person: Person) { val name = person.name if (name = = null) throw IllegalArgumentException("Named required") val age = person.age if (age == null) return println("$name: $age") }

Use elvis operator as return and throw class Person(val name:
String?, val age: Int?) fun processPerson(person: Person) { val name = person.name ? : throw IllegalArgumentException("Named required") val age = person.age ?: return println("$name: $age") }

Consider using safe cast for type checking override fun equals(other:
Any?) : Boolean { val command = other as Command return command.id == id }

Consider using safe cast for type checking override fun equals(other:
Any?) : Boolean { val command = other as Command return command.id == id } override fun equals(other: Any?) : Boolean { return (other as? Command) ?. id == id }

Can I write enterprise apps in Kotlin?

Can I write enterprise apps in Kotlin? What framework(s) should
I use? Libraries, build tools, etc?

Kotlin vs Java

Kotlin for backend development

Domain Specific Languages

Domain-speci fi c, i.e.

tailored for the speci fi c task Domain-speci fi c,
i.e.

External

External VS Internal

Internal

buildString //Java String name = "Joe"; StringBuilder sb = new
StringBuilder(); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { sb.append("Hello, "); sb.append(name); sb.append("!\n"); } System.out.println(sb); //Kotlin val name = "Joe" val s = buildString { repeat(5) { append("Hello, ") append(name) appendLine("!") } } println(s)

kotlinx.html System.out.appendHTML().html { body { div { a("http: // kotlinlang.org")
{ target = ATarget.blank +"Main site" } } } }

Ktor fun main() { embeddedServer(Netty, port = 8080, host =
"0.0.0.0") { routing { get("/html-dsl") { call.respondHtml { body { h1 { +"HTML" } ul { for (n in 1 .. 10) { li { +"$n" } } } } } } } }.start(wait = true) }

"0.0.0.0") { routing { get("/html-dsl") { call.respondHtml { body { h1 { +"HTML" } ul { for (n in 1 .. 10) { li { +"$n" } } } } } } } }.start(wait = true) } Ktor’s routing

"0.0.0.0") { routing { get("/html-dsl") { call.respondHtml { body { h1 { +"HTML" } ul { for (n in 1 .. 10) { li { +"$n" } } } } } } } }.start(wait = true) } kotlinx.html Ktor’s routing

They all look similar!

foo { bar { baz = "Hello!" qux = quux
{ corge = "Blah" } } }

foo { bar(grault = 1) { baz = "Hello!" qux
= quux { corge = "Blah" } } }

foo { bar(grault = 1) { baz = "Hello!" qux
= quux { corge = Hello() } } }

foo { bar(grault = 1) { this: Bar baz =
"Hello!" qux = quux { this: Quux corge = Hello() } } }

Let’s write some code! https://github.com/antonarhipov/kotlin-dsl-examples

Type-safe builders https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/type-safe-builders.html

Lambda with receiver T.() -> Unit

final ClientBuilder builder = new ClientBuilder(); builder.setFirstName("Anton"); builder.setLastName("Arhipov"); final TwitterBuilder
twitterBuilder = new TwitterBuilder(); twitterBuilder.setHandle("@antonarhipov"); builder.setTwitter(twitterBuilder.build()); final CompanyBuilder companyBuilder = new CompanyBuilder(); companyBuilder.setName("JetBrains"); companyBuilder.setCity("Tallinn"); builder.setCompany(companyBuilder.build()); final Client client = builder.build(); System.out.println("Created client is: " + client);

val builder = ClientBuilder() builder.firstName = "Anton" builder.lastName = "Arhipov"
val twitterBuilder = TwitterBuilder() twitterBuilder.handle = "@antonarhipov" builder.twitter = twitterBuilder.build() val companyBuilder = CompanyBuilder() companyBuilder.name = "JetBrains" companyBuilder.city = "Tallinn" builder.company = companyBuilder.build() val client = builder.build() println("Created client is: $client")

val client = ClientBuilder().apply { firstName = "Anton" lastName =
"Arhipov" twitter = TwitterBuilder().apply { handle = "@antonarhipov" }.build() company = CompanyBuilder().apply { name = "JetBrains" city = "Tallinn" }.build() }.build() println("Created client is: $client")

val client = ClientBuilder().apply { firstName = "Anton" lastName =
"Arhipov" twitter = TwitterBuilder().apply { handle = "@antonarhipov" }.build() company = CompanyBuilder().apply { name = "JetBrains" city = "Tallinn" }.build() }.build() println("Created client is: $client") fun client(c: ClientBuilder.() -> Unit): Client { val builder = ClientBuilder() c(builder) return builder.build() } fun ClientBuilder.company(block: CompanyBuilder.() -> Unit) { company = CompanyBuilder().apply(block).build() } fun ClientBuilder.twitter(block: TwitterBuilder.() -> Unit) { twitter = TwitterBuilder().apply(block).build() }

fun client(c: ClientBuilder.() -> Unit): Client { val builder =
ClientBuilder() c(builder) return builder.build() } fun ClientBuilder.company(block: CompanyBuilder.() -> Unit) { company = CompanyBuilder().apply(block).build() } fun ClientBuilder.twitter(block: TwitterBuilder.() -> Unit) { twitter = TwitterBuilder().apply(block).build() } val person = person {

https://speakerdeck.com/antonarhipov @antonarhipov

Kotlin - from basics to DSLs

Kotlin - from basics to DSLs

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