Introduction à Ruby

Présentation donnée le 23 février 2012 au Web à Québec 2012 (Québec).

Transcript

1. Introduction à Ruby Rémi Prévost — Web à Québec 2012
2. Rémi Prévost Développeur Web qui aime Ruby freelance!
3. Objectif
4. Vous convaincre d’essayer Ruby!
5. Simple à apprendre
6. Rapide à débuter
7. Naturel à écrire
8. Sondage rapide
9. Ruby, le langage Ruby et le Web Introduction à Ruby
10. Ruby, le langage
11. “I’ve made a huge mistake.”
12. Historique Installation Types de données Syntaxe particulière Modèle objet Gems Ruby, le langage
13. Minute historique
15. Installer Ruby
16. $ ruby -v ruby 1.8.7 (2010-01-10 patchlevel 249) Mac OS X
17. $ brew install rbenv ruby-build $ rbenv install 1.9.2-p290 Mac OS X
18. $ sudo apt-get install ruby-1.9.1-full Ubuntu/Debian
19. Windows
20. $ irb ruby-1.9.2-p290 :001 >
21. Hello World
22. # Contenu de hello.rb puts("Hello World.") $ ruby hello.rb Hello World.
23. Types de données
24. # Fixnum 7 # String "foo" # Array [4, 7, 15, 16, 23, 42] # Hash { :foo => "bar", :omg => 3 }
25. # Symbol :foo # Regex /[a-z]{0,10}\s+$/i # Proc lambda { |args| return "hello" } # NilClass nil
26. Syntaxe pensée pour les développeurs
27. puts "Hello world." # puts("Hello world.") puts :foo => :bar, :omg => 3 # puts({ :foo => :bar, :omg => 3 })
28. nombres = ["un", "deux", "trois"] nombres.empty? => false nombres.first => "un" nombres.include? "deux" => true
29. puts "Hello" if total == 2 # ou if total == 2 puts "Hello" end
30. def hello(name) another_method("foo") return "Hello, #{name.capitalize}" end # ou def hello(name) another_method("foo") "Hello, #{name.capitalize}" end hello("rémi") => "Hello, Rémi"
31. [1, 2, 3].map { |x| x * 2 } # ou [1, 2, 3].map do |x| x * 2 end => [2, 4, 6]
32. Modèle objet simple
33. Tout est un objet
34. Tout?
35. Tout!
36. upcase("foo") => NoMethodError: undefined method `upcase' for main:Object "foo".upcase => FOO
37. "foo".upcase => "FOO" 108.to_s => "108" [1, 2, 3, 4].shuffle => [2, 4, 1, 3] { :foo => "bar", :omg => 3 }.keys => [:foo, :omg]
38. 10.times { |i| puts i } 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
39. 2 + 3 # ou # 2.+(3) => 5 [1, 2, 3] << 4 # ou # [1, 2, 3].<<(4) => [1, 2, 3, 4]
40. puts "Hello World." # Kernel.puts("Hello World.") require "../fichier.rb" # Kernel.require("../fichier.rb")
41. Définir nos propres classes
42. class Article end article = Article.new => #<Article:0x109bb6890>
43. class Article < Contenu attr_reader :published def initialize(published=true) @published = published end def publish! @published = true end end article = Article.new(false) article.publish! article.published => true
44. Modèle objet souple
45. Classes modifiables
46. class Article def delete puts "Suppression de l’article!" end end class Article def delete puts "Finalement, on ne fait rien!" end end article = Article.new article.delete => "Finalement, on ne fait rien!"
47. class Article def delete puts "Suppression de l’article!" end end article = Article.new class Article def delete puts "Finalement, on ne fait rien!" end end article.delete => "Finalement, on ne fait rien!"
48. Classes internes modifiables (au runtime!)
49. class String def sans_les_voyelles self.gsub /[aeiouy]/i, "" end end "webaquebec".sans_les_voyelles => "wbqbc"
50. class Fixnum def minutes self * 60 end def hours self * 60.minutes end end 2.minutes => 120 5.hours => 18000
51. class Object def lol! "LOL!" end end 1.lol! => "LOL!" "Test".lol! => "LOL!" [1, 2, 3].lol! => "LOL!"
52. class NilClass def really? "Yep, really!" end end foo = nil foo.really? => "Yep, really!"
53. Extension via modules
54. module SuperModule def super! "Hé, #{self}, super!" end end class String include SuperModule end "Web à Québec".super! => "Hé, Web à Québec, super!"
55. Librairies externes centralisées
56. $ ls /var/www/mon-application-php wp-atom.php wp-feed.php index.php wp-blog-header.php wp-includes/ license.txt wp-comments-post.php wp-opml.php wp-login.php wp-commentsrss2.php wp-load.php wp-pass.php readme.html wp-config.php wp-rdf.php wp-activate.php wp-mail.php wp-admin/ wp-content/ wp-app.php wp-cron.php $ ls /var/www/mon-application-ruby Gemfile Gemfile.lock config.ru app.rb
57. Gems (moi je dis « une gem »)
58. $ gem install httparty Fetching: multi_xml-0.4.1.gem (100%) Fetching: httparty-0.8.1.gem (100%) When you HTTParty, you must party hard! Successfully installed multi_xml-0.4.1 Successfully installed httparty-0.8.1 2 gems installed $ irb >> HTTParty NameError: uninitialized constant Object::HTTParty >> require "httparty" => true >> HTTParty => HTTParty
59. $ bundle --version command not found: bundle $ gem install bundler Successfully installed bundler-1.0.22 1 gem installed $ bundle --version Bundler version 1.0.22
60. Ruby et le Web (à Québec)
61. Historique Rack Frameworks • Rails • Sinatra Hébergement + déploiement Ruby et le Web
62. Minute historique
63. DHH
64. Rack (une structure pour faire du Web)
65. $ tree . . !"" a-propos.rb !"" index.rb #"" projets.rb 0 directories, 3 files $ curl http://localhost/index.rb Ma page d’accueil! $ curl http://localhost/a-propos.rb Moi, bla bla bla. NOPE
66. Rack (une structure pour faire du Web)
67. Interface serveur + code
68. Utilisateur Serveur Web Rack Ruby Rack Serveur Web Utilisateur Requête HTTP
69. # Contenu de config.ru class Blogue def call(env) headers = { "Content-type" => "text/html" } [200, headers, "Hello world."] end end run Blogue.new
70. $ gem install rack $ rackup config.ru WEBrick 1.3.1 ruby 1.9.2 (2011-07-09) WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69232 port=9292 $ curl http://localhost:9292 Hello world. $ curl http://localhost:9292/foo/bar Hello world.
71. Ruby on Rails
72. “Full stack”
73. ORM AJAX EMAIL TESTS MVC SESSIONS CSRF ROUTES DATABASE
74. “Convention over configuration”
75. Utilisateur Serveur Web Rack Rails Rack Serveur Web Utilisateur Requête HTTP Ruby
76. $ rails new mon_application … $ du --max-depth 1 -h . 28K ./app 60K ./config 4,0K ./db 4,0K ./doc 0 ./lib 0 ./log 24K ./public 4,0K ./script 8,0K ./test 0 ./tmp 0 ./vendor 164K .
77. Ruby on Sinatra
78. “Micro-framework”
79. ORM AJAX EMAIL TESTS MVC SESSIONS CSRF ROUTES DATABASE
80. “Add as you grow”
81. Utilisateur Serveur Web Rack Sinatra Rack Serveur Web Utilisateur Requête HTTP Ruby
82. Configuration (Bundler) Données (DataMapper) Routes Vues (Haml) Sinatra
83. Surprise, un blogue!
84. $ tree . . !"" Gemfile !"" config.ru #"" blogue.rb 0 directories, 3 files
85. Configuration (avec Bundler)
86. # Contenu de Gemfile source "http://rubygems.org" gem "sinatra" gem "dm-core" gem "dm-mysql-adapter" gem "dm-migrations" gem "haml"
87. # Contenu de Gemfile source "http://rubygems.org" gem "sinatra", "~> 1.3" gem "dm-core" gem "dm-mysql-adapter" gem "dm-migrations" gem "haml", "3.1"
88. $ bundle install => Fetching gem metadata from http://rubygems.org/ Installing addressable (…) Installing data_objects (…) Installing dm-core (…) Installing dm-mysql-adapter (…) Installing dm-migrations (…) Installing rack (…) Installing tilt (…) Installing sinatra (…) Installing haml (…) Using bundler (…) Your bundle is complete!
89. # Contenu de config.ru require "bundler" Bundler.require require "./blogue.rb" run Sinatra::Application
90. $ rackup config.ru WEBrick 1.3.1 ruby 1.9.2 (2011-07-09) WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69232 port=9292
91. Données (avec DataMapper)
92. # Contenu de blogue.rb configure do DataMapper::Logger.new(STDOUT, :debug) DataMapper.setup(:default, "mysql://localhost/blogue") end class Article include DataMapper::Resource # Un module! property :id, Serial property :title, String property :content, Text property :created_at, DateTime end DataMapper.finalize DataMapper.auto_upgrade!
93. Article.all => [#<Article @id=1>, #<Article @id=2>, …] Article.all(:created_at.gte => Time.now - 3600) => [#<Article @id=3>] Article.get(42) => #<Article @id=42> Article.create(:title => "Hello!") => #<Article @id=1> Article.all(:title => "Un test").destroy => true
94. Routes
95. get "/" do … end post "/articles" do … end put "/articles/:id" do … end delete "/articles/:id" do … end
96. get "/articles/:id" do # params[:id] end get /\/articles\/(?<id>[0-9]+)/ do # params[:id] end get "/articles/*" do # params[:splat] end get "/articles/:id.?:format?" do # params[:id], params[:format] end
97. get "/" do @articles = Article.all end get "/articles/:id" do @article = Article.get(params[:id]) end
98. post "/articles" do @article = Article.create(params[:article]) redirect to("/articles/#{@article.id}") end
99. $ curl http://localhost:9292/articles -X POST --data "article[title]=Mon+article" --data "article[content]=Le+contenu" params => { :article => { :title => "Mon article", :content => "Mon contenu" } }
100. Vues (avec Haml)
101. get "/" do @articles = Article.all end get "/articles/:id" do @article = Article.find(params[:id]) end
102. get "/" do @articles = Article.all "Il y a #{@articles.length} articles." end get "/articles/:id" do @article = Article.get(params[:id]) "C’est bien #{@article.title}." end
103. get "/" do @articles = Article.all haml :index end get "/articles/:id" do @article = Article.get(params[:id]) haml :show end
104. Introduction à Haml
105. %h1 Hello world. %p Voici une liste : %ul %li %a{ :href => "http://exomel.com" } Rémi <h1>Hello world.</h1> <p>Voici une liste :</p> <ul> <li> <a href="http://exomel.com">Rémi</a> </li> </ul>
106. Fin de l’introduction à Haml
107. -# Contenu de views/index.haml %ul - @articles.each do |article| %li %h1= article.title = article.content
108. -# Contenu de views/show.haml %h1= @article.title = @article.content
109. get "/" do @articles = Article.all haml :index, :layout => :blogue end get "/articles/:id" do @article = Article.get(params[:id]) haml :show, :layout => :blogue end
110. -# Contenu de views/blogue.haml !!! 5 %title Mon blogue %body = yield
111. -# Exemple de http://localhost/articles/1 <!doctype html> <title>Mon blogue</title> <body> <h1>Lorem Ipsum</h1> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nulla dignissim, libero quis dapibus scelerisque
112. Le code final
113. # Contenu de blogue.rb configure do DataMapper::Logger.new STDOUT, :debug DataMapper.setup :default, "mysql://localhost/blogue" class Article include DataMapper::Resource property :id, Serial property :title, String property :content, Text property :created_at, DateTime end DataMapper.finalize DataMapper.auto_upgrade! end
114. # Suite de blogue.rb get "/" do @articles = Article.all haml :index, :layout => :blogue end get "/articles/:id" do @article = Article.get(params[:id]) haml :show, :layout => :blogue end post "/articles" do @article = Article.create(params[:article]) redirect to("/article/#{@article.id}") end
115. -# Contenu de views/index.haml %ul - @articles.each do |article| %li %h1= article.title = article.content -# Contenu de views/show.haml %h1= @article.title = @article.content -# Contenu de views/blogue.haml !!! 5 %title Mon blogue %body = yield
116. configure do DataMapper::Logger.new STDOUT, :debug DataMapper.setup :default, "mysql://localhost/blogue" class Article include DataMapper::Resource property :id, Serial property :title, String property :content, Text property :created_at, DateTime end DataMapper.finalize DataMapper.auto_upgrade! end get "/" do @articles = Article.all haml :index, :layout => :blogue end get "/articles/:id" do @article = Article.find(params[:id]) haml :show, :layout => :blogue end post "/articles" do @article = Article.create(params[:article]) redirect to("/article/#{@article.id}") end
117. Hébergement et déploiement
118. Le mythe (« omg, ruby c’est compliqué! »)
119. Heroku (la magie)
120. $ gem install heroku $ heroku apps:create blogue Creating blogue... done Git remote heroku added $ git push heroku master -----> Heroku receiving push -----> Ruby/Rack app detected -----> Gemfile detected, running Bundler version 1.0.7 Unresolved dependencies detected; Installing... Your bundle is complete! -----> Launching... done, v1 http://blogue.heroku.com deployed to Heroku
121. mod_passenger (la transition idéale)
122. $ sudo gem install passenger $ sudo passenger-install-apache2-module LoadModule passenger_module /usr/lib/ruby/gems/ 1.9.1/gems/passenger-3.0.11/ext/apache2/ mod_passenger.so PassengerRoot /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.9.1/gems/ passenger-3.0.11 PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1
123. <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName blogue.webaquebec.org DocumentRoot /var/www/blogue/public <Directory /var/www/blogue/public> Allow from all Options -MultiViews </Directory> </VirtualHost> $ cd /var/www/blogue $ mkdir public $ mkdir tmp $ sudo apachectl restart
124. $ touch tmp/restart.txt
125. Résumé (en 30 secondes)
126. $ sudo gem install sinatra $ cat config.ru require "sinatra" get "/" do "Hello world." end run Sinatra::Application $ rackup config.ru WEBrick 1.3.1 ruby 1.9.2 (2011-07-09) WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69232 port=9292
127. Ressources utiles
128. Ressources utiles
129. Ressources utiles • sinatrarb.com • guides.rubyonrails.org • haml-lang.com • github.com/explore/languages/ruby • heroku.com • modrails.com (Apache et nginx)
130. Merci! Rémi Prévost — http://exomel.com @remi