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仮説検定とP値

 仮説検定とP値

たびたび議論にあがる仮説検定やP値についてまとめた資料です.

Shuntaro Sato

June 04, 2024
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  1. 6

  2. ྫɿෳ਺࣌఺ଌఆͨ͠σʔλͷൺֱ 8 ͋Δछͷ ৺ΞϛϩΠυʔγεױऀ ύνγϥϯʢOʣ ϓϥηϘʢOʣ ओཁධՁ߲໨ʢϓϥΠϚϦʔΤϯυϙΠϯτʣ ϲ݄࣌఺Ͱͷ෼ؒาߦڑ཭ͷϕʔεϥΠϯ͔ΒͷมԽྔ R .BVSFS

    .4 ,BMF 1 'POUBOB . #FSL +- (SPHBO .  (VTUBGTTPO ' )VOH 33 (PUUMJFC 3- %BNZ 5  (PO[ÂMF[%VBSUF " 4BSTXBU / 4FLJKJNB : 5BIBSB /  5BZMPS .4 ,VCBOFL . %POBM & 1BMFDFL 5 5TVKJUB ,  5BOH 8)8 ʜ"10--0#5SJBM*OWFTUJHBUPST   1BUJTJSBO5SFBUNFOUJO1BUJFOUTXJUI5SBOTUIZSFUJO$BSEJBD "NZMPJEPTJT5IF/FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF    rɹͷ'JHVSFΑΓ ओཁධՁ߲໨ ΁ͷղੳ w ϲ݄࣌఺Ҏ֎ͷ࣌఺Ͱͷ܈ؒൺֱ w ϕʔεϥΠϯͱͷ܈಺ൺֱ w հೖ܈͸ϕʔεϥΠϯͱมԽ͕ͳ ͍͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͨ͠ʁ w ϓϥηϘ܈͸ϕʔεϥΠϯ͔Βม Խ͢Δ͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͨ͠ʁ
  3. ྫɿΞ΢τΧϜͱෳ਺߲໨ͱͷؔ࿈ 9 ಛൃੑഏઢҡ঱ͷױऀ ٸੑ૿ѱ͋ΓʢOʣ ٸੑ૿ѱͳ͠ʢOʣ ධՁ߲໨ ,BLVHBXB 5 4BLBNPUP /

    4BUP 4 :VSB ) )BSBEB 5 /BLBTIJNB 4 )BSB " 0EB , *TIJNPUP  ) :BUFSB , *TIJNBUTV : 0CBTF : ,PIOP 4 .VLBF )  3JTLGBDUPSTGPSBOBDVUF FYBDFSCBUJPOPGJEJPQBUIJDQVMNPOBSZpCSPTJT3FTQJSBUPSZ3FTFBSDI   ͷ5BCMF w ٤Ԏྺ w طԟྺ w ഏػೳ w ࣏ྍํ๏ ٸੑ૿ѱͷൃੜʹ د༩͢Δม਺͸ʁ ͨ͘͞Μݕఆͯ͠༗ҙͳͱ͜ΖΛ୳͢ʁ
  4. ຊ೔ͷྲྀΕ 11 ݕఆͱ͸ʁɹ1஋ͱ͸ʁ w ݕఆͨ݁͠Ռɺʮ͕ࠩͳ͍ʯͱ͸ͳͥݴ͑ͳ͍ʁ w 1஋͕খ͍͞΄Ͳ͕ࠩେ͖͍ɺͱͳͥݴ͑ͳ͍ʁ w ౷ܭత༗ҙͰͳ͔ͬͨͱ͖͸ɺͲͷΑ͏ʹදݱ͢Ε͹ྑ͍ʁ w

    ݕఆʹର͢Δ౷ܭՈͷؾ࣋ͪ͸ʁ w Կճ΋ݕఆΛ܁Γฦ͢ͷ͸Α͘ͳ͍ͱฉ͚͘Ͳɺͳͥʁ ଟॏੑͷ໰୊ w ଟॏੑͷௐ੔ํ๏ w #POGFSSPOJɺ)PMNɺ֊૚खॱɺήʔτΩʔϐϯά๏ w ୳ࡧతͱݕূతΛΘ͚Δ ࿦จهࡌྫ
  5. ݕఆ͢ΔͱԿ͕Θ͔Δʁ 13 Կ͔ͱԿ͔ʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ɺ͕Θ͔Δ ʜ Uݕఆ "܈ͱ#܈ͷฏۉ஋ʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔ ରԠͷ͋ΔUݕఆ ϕʔεϥΠϯͱिؒޙͷσʔλʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔ ΧΠೋ৐ݕఆ "܈ͱ#܈ͷׂ߹ʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔

    8JMDPYPOͷॱҐ࿨ݕఆ "܈ͱ#܈ͷσʔλͷ෼෍ͷҐஔʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔ MPHSBOLݕఆ "܈ͱ#܈ͷશମతͳੜଘ֬཰ʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔ ճؼ෼ੳˠճؼ܎਺ʹର͢Δݕఆ w ࢀর۠෼ͱൺֱͯ͠ɺ͋Δ۠෼ͷΞ΢τΧϜʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔ w ୯ҐมԽʹҧ͍͕͋Δ͔
  6. ݕఆͷྲྀΕʢਖ਼֬ʹʣ 17 ݚڀԾઆʢྫɿ"܈ͱ#܈ͷΞ΢τΧϜൃੜׂ߹ʹ͕ࠩ͋Δʣ ؼແԾઆʢྫɿ"܈ͱ#܈ͷൃੜׂ߹ʹ͕ࠩͳ͍ʣ ݕఆ౷ܭྔ 1஋ 1஋͕༗ҙਫ४ະຬͳΒɺؼແԾઆΛغ٫ˠ"܈ͱ#܈ͷൃੜׂ߹ʹ͕ࠩ͋Δ σʔλ ౷ܭϞσϧ Ծఆ

    w ϥϯμϜԽɺϥϯμϜαϯϓϦϯά w ݚڀܭըͷ९क w ࠾༻ͨ͠౷ܭख๏͝ͱͷԾఆ ౷ܭख๏ʹΑΓɺൣғͷҟͳΔ஋͕ܭࢉ͞ΕΔ ʙͷൣғͷ֬཰ʹམͱ͠ࠐΉˠ౷Ұతʹѻ͑Δ ؼແԾઆΛؚΊͨ౷ܭϞσϧ͕͢΂ͯਖ਼͍͠ͳΒ͹ ݕఆ౷ܭྔͷ෼෍
  7. ݕఆ౷ܭྔͷߏ੒ 19 ໃ६ͷఔ౓ খ େ ݕఆ౷ܭྔͷେ͖͞ খ େ w ҧ͍͕େ͖͍

    w ҧ͍ͷ͹Β͖͕ͭখ͍͞ w αϯϓϧαΠζ͕େ͖͍ ݕఆ౷ܭྔ = γάφϧ ϊΠζ t = ¯ Y 1 − ¯ Y 0 s 1/n1 + 1/n0 t = ̂ β se( ̂ β) z2 = ( ̂ p 1 − ̂ p 0 )2 ̂ p1 (1 − ̂ p1 ) n1 + ̂ p0 (1 − ̂ p0 ) n0 ݕఆ౷ܭྔ େ
  8. ҧ͍ͱαϯϓϧαΠζΛେ͖͘͢Δͱɺݕఆ౷ܭྔ͸େ͖͘ɺ1஋͸খ͘͞ͳΔ 20 ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ R ओཁධՁ߲໨ɿϲ݄ޙͷ࣏༊ׂ߹ ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ

    ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊      શମ   ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊      શମ   ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊      શମ   ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊      શମ   αϯϓϧαΠζΛେ͖͘ αϯϓϧαΠζΛେ͖͘ ҧ͍Λେ͖͘ ҧ͍Λେ͖͘
  9. ໃ६͍ͯ͠Δɺͱݴ͍੾ΕΔ͔ʁ 22 ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ R ओཁධՁ߲໨ɿϲ݄ޙͷ࣏༊ׂ߹ ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ

    ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊      શମ   ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊      શମ   1஋େ͖͍ ໃ६খ͍͞ 1஋খ͍͞ ໃ६େ͖͍ ؼແԾઆɿ৽ༀͱϓϥηϘͰɺϲ݄ޙͷ࣏༊ׂ߹͕ಉ͡ ࣏༊ׂ߹͕ҧ͏ɺͬͯݴ͍͖ΕΔʁ
  10. ༗ҙਫ४ɿໃ६͢Δͱݴ͍੾Δᮢ஋ 23 ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊ 

        શମ   ৽ༀ ϓϥηϘ ҧ͍ ΧΠ ೋ৐஋ 1஋ ࣏༊      શମ   ؼແԾઆɿ৽ༀͱϓϥηϘͰɺϲ݄ޙͷ࣏༊ׂ߹͕ಉ͡ ʮಛఆͷ౷ܭϞσϧͷ΋ͱɺ؍ଌσʔλ͸ໃ६͢ΔʯͱܾΊΔᮢ஋ΛࣄલʹఆΊΔ ༗ҙਫ४ʢЋʣ׳शతʹ Պֶతͳࠜڌ͸શ͘ͳ͍ 1ˠ༗ҙਫ४Ҏ্ 1ˠ༗ҙਫ४ະຬ ౷ܭతʹ༗ҙʹɺ࣏༊ׂ߹͸ҧ͏ɺ͜ͱ͕ࣔ͞Εͨ ࣏༊ׂ߹͸ҧ͏ɺͱ͸ݴ͑ͳ͍ ໃ६͢Δ
  11. 2ݕఆͨ݁͠Ռɺʮ͕ࠩͳ͍ʯͱ͸ͳͥݴ͑ͳ͍ʁ 25 ݕఆ౷ܭྔ = γάφϧ ϊΠζ ౷ܭతʹ༗ҙͰͳ͔ͬͨ 1஋͕༗ҙਫ४Ҏ্ 1஋͕େ͖͍ɺݕఆ౷ܭྔ͕খ͍͞ খ͍͞ʁ

    େ͖͍ʁ ݕఆ౷ܭྔ΍1஋Ͱ͸ɺγάφϧ͕খ͍͞ͷ͔ɺϊΠζ͕େ͖͍ͷ͔൑ผͰ͖ͳ͍ 1஋͕େ͖͍ͷ͸ɺγάφϧ͕খ͍͞ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺϊΠζ͕େ͖͍͔Β͔΋͠Εͳ͍ ؼແԾઆ͕ਖ਼͍͠ʢ͕ࠩͳ͍ʣɺͱݴ͍੾Εͳ͍ ಛఆͷ౷ܭϞσϧʢؼແԾઆʣͱ؍ଌσʔλͱͷໃ६͕খ͍͞
  12. 21஋͕খ͍͞΄Ͳ͕ࠩେ͖͍ɺͱͳͥݴ͑ͳ͍ʁ 26 ݕఆ౷ܭྔ 1஋ ϑΟογϟʔྲྀݕఆʢ༗ҙੑݕఆʣ ωΠϚϯɾϐΞιϯྲྀݕఆʢ౷ܭతԾઆݕఆʣ ౷ܭϞσϧʢؼແԾઆʣ খ͚͞Ε͹খ͍͞΄Ͳɺ ͕ࠩ͋ΔՄೳੑ͸ߴ͍ ͕ࠩ͋ΔɺͱஅఆͰ͖ͳ͍

    ౷ܭϞσϧʢؼແԾઆʣ ݕఆ౷ܭྔ 1஋ ༗ҙਫ४ͱൺֱ 1஋͕ ༗ҙਫ४ະຬ ରཱԾઆ ؼແԾઆΛغ٫ɺରཱԾઆΛ࠾୒ σʔλ Ұൠతͳݕఆ͸ͪ͜Β ༗ҙਫ४Λ༻͍ͯɺ౷ܭత༗ҙੑʹݴٴ͢ΔҎ্ɺ1஋͕খ͍͞΄Ͳ͕ࠩେ͖͍ͱ͸ݴ͑ͳ͍ w 1஋͸༗ҙਫ४Ҏ্͔ະຬͷ ൑அʹ͔͠࢖Θͳ͍ w 1΋΋ಉ͡ w 1΋΋ಉ͡ σʔλ
  13. 2౷ܭత༗ҙͰͳ͔ͬͨͱ͖͸ɺͲͷΑ͏ʹදݱ͢Ε͹ྑ͍ʁ 27 w<3FTVMUT>"QSJNBSZF⒏DBDZPVUDPNFFWFOUPDDVSSFEJOQBUJFOUT QFSQBUJFOUZFBS JO UIFFEPYBCBOHSPVQBOEJOQBUJFOUT QFSQBUJFOUZFBS JOUIFQMBDFCPHSPVQ IB[BSE SBUJP

    DPOpEFODFJOUFSWBM<$*> UP1  ,JSDIIPG 1 5PFOOJT 5 (PFUUF " $BNN "+ %JFOFS )$ #FDIFS / #FSUBHMJB & #MPNTUSPN-VOERWJTU $ #PSMJDI . #SBOEFT " $BCBOFMBT /  $BMWFSU . $IMPVWFSBLJT ( %BO (" EF(SPPU +3 %JDIUM 8 ,SBWDIVL # -VCJ㶠TLJ " .BSJKPO & ʜ/0")"'/&5*OWFTUJHBUPST   "OUJDPBHVMBUJPOXJUI&EPYBCBOJO1BUJFOUTXJUI"USJBM)JHI3BUF&QJTPEFT5IF/FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF   r ݁ՌΛ୶ʑͱهࡌ͢Δ w<$PODMVTJPO>"NPOHQBUJFOUTXJUI")3&TEFUFDUFECZJNQMBOUBCMFEFWJDFT BOUJDPBHVMBUJPOXJUI FEPYBCBOEJEOPUTJHOJpDBOUMZSFEVDFUIFJODJEFODFPGBDPNQPTJUFPGDBSEJPWBTDVMBSEFBUI  TUSPLF PSTZTUFNJDFNCPMJTNBTDPNQBSFEXJUIQMBDFCP CVUJUMFEUPBIJHIFSJODJEFODFPGB DPNQPTJUFPGEFBUIPSNBKPSCMFFEJOH w ЋΤϥʔΛ੍ޚ͍ͯ͠ΔͳΒ͹ɺʮTJHOJpDBOUMZʯΛ࢖͑Δ w ͦ͏Ͱͳ͍ͳΒɺʮTJHOJpDBOUMZʯ͸࢖Θͳ͍
  14. 2౷ܭత༗ҙͰͳ͔ͬͨͱ͖͸ɺͲͷΑ͏ʹදݱ͢Ε͹ྑ͍ʁ 28 w<3FTVMUT>"UPUBMPGQBUJFOUTVOEFSXFOUSBOEPNJ[BUJPO"NPOHQBUJFOUTJOUIF NPEJpFEJOUFOUJPOUPUSFBUQPQVMBUJPO VOEFSHPJOHLOFFBSUISPQMBTUZ VOEFSHPJOHIJQ BSUISPQMBTUZ BOEVOEFSHPJOHTIPVMEFSBSUISPQMBTUZ TVSHJDBMTJUFJOGFDUJPOTPDDVSSFEJOPG QBUJFOUT

     JOUIFWBODPNZDJOHSPVQBOEJOPGQBUJFOUT  JOUIFQMBDFCP HSPVQ SFMBUJWFSJTL DPOpEFODFJOUFSWBM<$*> UP1  1FFM 5/ "TUCVSZ 4 $IFOH "$ 1BUFSTPO %- #VJTJOH ,- 4QFMNBO 5 5SBO%VZ " "EJF 4 #PZDF ( .D%PVHBMM $ .PMOBS 3 .VMGPSE +  3FIpTDI 1 4PMPNPO . $SBXGPSE 3 )BSSJT#SPXO 5 3POFZ + 8JTOJFXTLJ + EF4UFJHFS 3 "4"15SJBM(SPVQ  5SJBMPG7BODPNZDJOBOE $FGB[PMJOBT4VSHJDBM1SPQIZMBYJTJO"SUISPQMBTUZ5IF/FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF   r w<$PODMVTJPO>5IFBEEJUJPOPGWBODPNZDJOUPDFGB[PMJOQSPQIZMBYJTXBTOPUTVQFSJPSUPQMBDFCP GPSUIFQSFWFOUJPOPGTVSHJDBMTJUFJOGFDUJPOTJOBSUISPQMBTUZBNPOHQBUJFOUTXJUIPVULOPXO.34" DPMPOJ[BUJPO
  15. 2ݕఆʹର͢Δ౷ܭՈͷؾ࣋ͪ͸ʁ 29 w #FOKBNJO %+ #FSHFS +0 +PIBOOFTTPO .FUBM3FEFpOFTUBUJTUJDBMTJHOJpDBODF/BU)VN#FIBW r

     IUUQTEPJPSHT[ w *PBOOJEJT+1"5IF1SPQPTBMUP-PXFS17BMVF5ISFTIPMETUP+"."  rEPJKBNB w "NSIFJO7 (SFFOMBOE4 .D4IBOF#4DJFOUJTUTSJTFVQBHBJOTUTUBUJTUJDBMTJHOJpDBODF/BUVSF.BS  r w 1஋͸ؼແԾઆ͕ਖ਼͍֬͠཰Ͱ͋Δ w ౷ܭతʹ༗ҙͳΒ͹ɺੜ෺ֶతʹ΋ҙຯ͕͋Δ w ݕఆ݁Ռ͕༗ҙͰͳ͍ͳΒ͹ɺؼແԾઆ͕ਖ਼͍͜͠ͱΛ ҙຯ͢ΔˠޮՌ͸ͳ͍ʢಉ౳ʣ 1஋ͷΑ͋͘Δޡղ w ݚڀͷ໨త͕1஋Λ༗ҙʹ͢Δ͜ͱʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ w αϯϓϧαΠζΛແࢹͯ͠1஋ͷܭࢉΛ͓͜ͳ͍ͬͯΔ w ޮՌʢؔ࿈ʣͷେ͖͞ʹ஫໨͢Δ͜ͱΛܰࢹ͍ͯ͠Δ w ༗ҙʹͳͬͨԾઆ΍ཁҼ͔͠ใࠂͤͣɺޙଓͷݚڀʹ͍͔ͤͳ͍ w 1ͱ1ͷࠩΛൺֱ͢Δҙٛ ৻ॏͳཧ༝ ݕఆͷ࢖༻ʹ͸৻ॏɺੵۃతʹ࢖༻Λ͢͢Ίͳ͍
  16. ΞϝϦΧ౷ܭֶձ͔Βͷ੠໌ʢ"4"੠໌ʣ 30  1஋͸σʔλͱಛఆͷ౷ܭϞσϧʢ༁஫ɿԾઆ΋౷ܭϞσϧͷཁૉͷͻͱͭʣ͕ ໃ६͢Δఔ౓Λ͠Ί͢ࢦඪͷͻͱͭͰ͋Δ  1஋͸ɺௐ΂͍ͯΔԾઆ͕ਖ਼͍֬͠཰΍ɺσʔλ͕ۮવͷΈͰ͑ΒΕͨ֬཰ΛଌΔ΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͍  Պֶతͳ݁࿦΍ɺϏδωεɺ੓ࡦʹ͓͚Δܾఆ͸ɺ1஋͕͋Δ஋ʢ༁஫ɿ༗ҙਫ४ʣΛ௒͔͑ͨͲ͏͔ʹͷΈ جͮ͘΂͖Ͱ͸ͳ͍

     దਖ਼ͳਪଌͷͨΊʹ͸ɺ͢΂ͯΛใࠂ͢Δಁ໌ੑ͕ඞཁͰ͋Δ  1஋͸ɺͦΕ͚ͩͰ͸౷ܭϞσϧ΍Ծઆʹؔ͢ΔΤϏσϯεͷɺΑ͍ࢦඪͱ͸ͳΒͳ͍ ೔ຊܭྔੜ෺ֶձ͕຋༁ͨ͠ɺ"4"੠໌͔ΒҾ༻ 8BTTFSTUFJO3- -B[BS/"5IF"4"4UBUFNFOUPOQ7BMVFT$POUFYU  1SPDFTT BOE1VSQPTF"N4UBU"QS  r
  17. 2Կճ΋ݕఆΛ܁Γฦ͢ͷ͸Α͘ͳ͍ͱฉ͚͘Ͳɺͳͥʁ 31 ЋΤϥʔͷ૿Ճ ਅ࣮ʢਆͷΈ஌Δʣ ͕ࠩͳ͍ ͕ࠩ͋Δ ݕఆ ༗ҙࠩͳ͠ ਖ਼͍͠ ِӄੑ

    ЌΤϥʔ λΠϓΤϥʔ ༗ҙࠩ͋Γ ِཅੑ ЋΤϥʔ λΠϓΤϥʔ ਖ਼͍͠ ùü ü÷ þü ø÷÷ ÷ ùü ü÷ þü ø÷÷ ݕఆճ਺ ЋΤϥʔïìð w ݕఆʹ͸छྨͷΤϥʔ͕͋Δ w ճͷݕఆͰ͸ЋΤϥʔΛʢ׳शతʹʣ·Ͱڐ༰ w ݕఆΛ܁Γฦ͢ͱɺЋΤϥʔ͸૿Ճ͢Δ w ౷ܭϞσϧʢؼແԾઆؚΉʣ͕ਖ਼ͯ͘͠΋ɺ ճݕఆ͢Ε͹ɺͭͷݕఆʹ͸ޡΓ͕͋Δ ಘΒΕͨ݁Ռ͸ΤϥʔͰ͋Γɺ ҙຯ͕ͳ͍͔΋͠Εͳ͍ ຊ౰͸͕ࠩͳ͍ͷʹɺݕఆͰ͕ࠩ͋Δͱݕग़ͯ͠͠·͏Τϥʔ ଟॏੑͷ໰୊
  18. ଟॏੑௐ੔๏ͷ֓ཁ 39 ख๏ Ծઆͷॱং ϝϦοτ σϝϦοτ #POGFSSPOJ๏ ͳ͠ ద༻͕؆୯ ЋΤϥʔͷ੍ޚ͕ݫ͗͢͠Δ

    )PMN๏ ͳ͠ #POGFSSPOJ๏ΑΓݕग़ྗ͕޲্͢Δ ЋΤϥʔͷ੍ޚ͕ݫ͍͠ ֊૚खॱ ͋Γ w ద༻͕؆୯ w ༏ઌॱҐ͕ߴ͍Ծઆʹରͯ͠ݕग़͠΍͍͢ ͢΂ͯͷԾઆʹॱং͕ඞཁ ήʔτΩʔϐϯά๏ ͳ͋͠Γ )PMN๏ͱ֊૚खॱΛ૊Έ߹Θ͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ ˞΋ͬͱ͍Ζ͍Ζ͋Γ·͢ ˞෼ࢄ෼ੳܥʢ5VLFZ౳ʣ͸ؚΊ͍ͯ·ͤΜ
  19. #POGFSSPOJͷํ๏ 40 ᶃ ؔ৺ͷ͋ΔൺֱΛܾΊͯɺݕఆճ਺ʢLʣΛ਺͑Δ ᶄ ༗ҙਫ४Λݕఆճ਺ͰׂΔʢЋLʣ ᶅ ֤1஋ʹରͯ͠ɺ#POGFSSPOJͷ༗ҙਫ४ʢЋLʣະຬͰ͋Ε͹ɺ౷ܭతʹ༗ҙͱ͢Δ ੺ͷΈ஫໨ˠ ྘ͷΈ஫໨ˠ

    ͲͷΑ͏ͳൺֱ΍ݕఆʹ΋ ؆୯ʹద༻Ͱ͖Δ ௐ੔ͨ͠༗ҙਫ४͸ݫ͗͢͠Δ Ξ΢τΧϜ ରর ༀࡎ" ༀࡎ# )POEB: 5BOBLB/ ,BKJXBSB: ,POEP: ,BUBPLB) 4BLBNPUP+ FUBM&⒎FDUPGCFMUFMFDUSPEFTLFMFUBMNVTDMFFMFDUSJDBMTUJNVMBUJPOPOJNNPCJMJ[BUJPOJOEVDFE NVTDMFpCSPTJT1-P40OF.BZ  Fɹͷ'JHVSFΛվม
  20. Uݕఆͱ#POGFSSPOJͷํ๏ͷൺֱ 41 Uݕఆ #POGFSSPOJͷํ๏ ݕఆ ༗ҙਫ४ 1஋ ༗ҙਫ४  1஋

    ݕఆᶃ     ݕఆᶄ     ݕఆᶅ     ݕఆᶆ     ݕఆᶇ    
  21. )PMNͷํ๏ 42 Uݕఆ ݕఆ 1஋ ݕఆᶃ  ݕఆᶄ  ݕఆᶅ

     ݕఆᶆ  ݕఆᶇ  Uݕఆ ݕఆ 1஋ ݕఆᶇ  ݕఆᶆ  ݕఆᶅ  ݕఆᶃ  ݕఆᶄ  )PMNͷํ๏ ݕఆ ༗ҙਫ४ 1஋ ݕఆᶇ   ݕఆᶆ   ݕఆᶅ   ݕఆᶃ   ݕఆᶄ   σʔλʹج͍ͮͯݕఆͷॱংΛܾΊɺЋΤϥʔΛ੍ޚ͢Δ 1஋Λখ͍͞ॱʹ ฒͼସ͑Δ 1஋Λখ͍͞ݕఆ͔Β ༗ҙਫ४Λ࢒Γͷݕఆ਺Ͱௐ੔͢Δ ༗ҙʹͳΒͳ͔ͬͨΒ ͦ͜Ͱ൑ఆΛࢭΊΔ
  22. Uݕఆͱ#POGFSSPOJ๏ͱ)PMN๏ͷൺֱ 43 Uݕఆ #POGFSSPOJͷํ๏ )PMNͷํ๏ ݕఆ ༗ҙਫ४ 1஋ ༗ҙਫ४ 

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  23. ֊૚खॱɿԾઆʹࣄલʹॱ൪Λ͚ͭΔ 44 ֊૚खॱʢ)JFSBSDIJDBMQSPDFEVSFʣ ओཁධՁ߲໨ ෭࣍ධՁ߲໨" ෭࣍ධՁ߲໨# ༗ҙͳΒ ༗ҙͳΒ ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹

    ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹ ݕఆऴྃ ݻఆॱংखॱʢ'JYFETFRVFODFQSPDFEVSFʣ Ծઆʹରͯ͠ࣄલʹॱংΛఆΊɺ ༗ҙʹͳΕ͹ԼҐͷݕఆʹਐΉ ༀࡎWTϓϥηϘ ඓͮ·Γ ඓਫ ͘͠ΌΈ ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹ ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹ ݕఆऴྃ ༀࡎWTϓϥηϘ ༗ҙͳΒ ༗ҙͳΒ 8FFL 8FFL 8FFL ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹ ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹ ݕఆऴྃ ༀࡎWTϓϥηϘ ༗ҙͳΒ ༗ҙͳΒ         
  24. )PMN๏ͱ֊૚खॱͷൺֱ 45 ֊૚खॱ ඓͮ·Γ ඓਫ ͘͠ΌΈ )PMN๏ ॏཁ౓ɿඓͮ·Γඓਫ͘͠ΌΈ ॏཁ౓ɿͭͱ΋ಉ͡ ඓͮ·Γ

    ඓਫ ͘͠ΌΈ ਿ୩རจ ৿઒හ඙  ֊૚ߏ଄Խ͞Εͨࢼݧ໨తΛ൐͏ྟচࢼݧͰͷଟॏൺֱ๏ܭྔੜ෺ֶ   rɹਤΛվม   ඓͮ·Γ ඓਫ  ͘͠ΌΈ ༏ઌॱҐ͕ͳ͍Ծઆͱɺ༏ઌॱҐ͕͋ΔԾઆΛ૊Έ߹ΘͤΒΕͳ͍ʁ
  25. ϑΝϛϦʔʢ'BNJMZʣ 46 ݕఆର৅ͱͳΔؼແԾઆ଒ ͲͷϑΝϛϦ—ʢؼແԾઆ଒ʣʹରͯ͠ ЋΤϥʔΛ੍ޚ͢Δ͔ʁ w ࣗ਎ͷؔ৺ͰܾΊͯΑ͍ w ࣄલʹఆΊΔ Ξ΢τΧϜ

    ରর ༀࡎ" ༀࡎ# )POEB: 5BOBLB/ ,BKJXBSB: ,POEP: ,BUBPLB) 4BLBNPUP+ FUBM&⒎FDUPG CFMUFMFDUSPEFTLFMFUBMNVTDMFFMFDUSJDBMTUJNVMBUJPOPOJNNPCJMJ[BUJPOJOEVDFE NVTDMFpCSPTJT1-P40OF.BZ  Fɹͷ'JHVSFΛվม XFFLͷ w ରরWTༀࡎ" w ରরWTༀࡎ# XFFLͷ w ରরWTༀࡎ" w ରরWTༀࡎ#
  26. ήʔτΩʔϐϯά๏ʢ(BUFLFFQJOHQSPDFEVSFʣ 47 ඓͮ·Γ ඓਫ  ͘͠ΌΈ ͲͪΒ΋༗ҙͳΒ ͍ͣΕ͔͕ ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹

    ݕఆऴྃ )PMN๏౳ Ћ Ћ ϑΝϛϦʔ ௚ྻήʔτΩʔϐϯά 4FSJBMHBUFLFFQJOHQSPDFEVSF ඓͮ·Γ ඓਫ  ͍ͣΕ͔ͲͪΒ΋ ༗ҙͳΒ ͲͪΒ΋ ༗ҙͰ ͳ͚Ε͹ ݕఆऴྃ #POGFSSPOJ Ћ ͍ͣΕ͔͕༗ҙͳΒ ͲͪΒ΋༗ҙͳΒ ϑΝϛϦʔ ฒྻήʔτΩʔϐϯά 4FSJBMHBUFLFFQJOHQSPDFEVSF $PQSJNBSZFOEQPJOU Ћ Ћ ͘͠ΌΈ
  27. ௚ྻήʔτΩʔϐϯά๏Λద༻ 48 BOE XFFLͷରর܈ͱͷൺֱʢ)PMNʣ XFFLͷରর܈ͱͷൺֱʢ)PMNʣ XFFLͷༀࡎؒͷൺֱ ରরWTༀࡎ" ରরWTༀࡎ# ͲͪΒ΋༗ҙͳΒ͹ BOE

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  29. ࿦จهࡌɿЋΤϥʔͷ੍ޚ 50 w5PDPOUSPMUIFPWFSBMMUZQF*FSSPSSBUF UIFQSJNBSZBOETFDPOEBSZFOEQPJOUTXFSFUFTUFEJOB QSFTQFDJpFEIJFSBSDIJDBMPSEFS w શମͷλΠϓΤϥʔΛ੍ޚ͢ΔͨΊʹɺओཁͱ෭࣍ΤϯυϙΠϯτ͸ࣄલʹઃఆͨ͠֊૚ॱংʹج͍ͮͯݕఆͨ͠ɻ w5IFTUBUJTUJDBMBOBMZTJTQMBO BWBJMBCMFXJUIUIFQSPUPDPM JODMVEFTBEEJUJPOBMEFUBJMTPOUIFQSJNBSZ

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  30. ࿦จهࡌɿЋΤϥʔͷ੍ޚ 51 w5PDPOUSPMUIFUZQF*FSSPSBUGPSUIFUXPQSJNBSZBOEpWFLFZTFDPOEBSZFOEQPJOUT XFUFTUFEUIF FOEQPJOUTJOBQSFTQFDJpFEIJFSBSDIJDBMPSEFS MJTUFEJOUIF4VQQMFNFOUBSZ"QQFOEJY BUB TJHOJpDBODFMFWFM w ͭͷओཁΤϯυϙΠϯτͱͭͷΩʔ෭࣍ΤϯυϙΠϯτΛ੍ޚ͢ΔͨΊʹɺ༗ҙਫ४ͰࣄલʹఆΊͨ֊૚తͳॱংʹै͍ݕ

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  31. ݕఆ͔Βਪఆ΁ 54 w ޮՌྔʢฏۉ஋ͷࠩɺϦεΫࠩɺϦεΫൺɺΦοζ ൺʣΛඞͣهࡌ͢Δ w 1஋͚ͩͰ͸ͳ͘ɺ৴པ۠ؒ΋هࡌ͢Δ ϓϥηϘͱൺֱͨ͠ͱ͖ɺༀࡎ"౤༩܈Ͱ͸ɺ ݂ѹͷ༗ҙͳ্ঢΛೝΊͨʢ1ʣ ϓϥηϘͱൺֱͨ͠ͱ͖ɺༀࡎ"౤༩܈Ͱ͸ɺ

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  32. ݚڀɾԾઆͷҐஔ͚ͮΛ໌֬ʹ͢Δ 55 ܭըͨ͠Ծઆ σʔλ ݁Ռ ղੳ ใࠂ Ծઆݕূܕ Ծઆ ݁Ռ

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