1997 to 1999 wanting a complete data analysis environment: Paul Barrett, Joe Harrington, Perry Greenfield, Paul Dubois, Konrad Hinsen, and others. Activity in 1998, led to increased interest in 1999. ! In response on 15 Jan, 1999, I posted to matrix-sig a list of routines I felt needed to be present and began wrapping / writing in earnest. On 6 April 1999, I announced I would be creating this uber-package which eventually became SciPy Gaussian quadrature 5 Jan 1999 cephes 1.0 30 Jan 1999 sigtools 0.40 23 Feb 1999 Numeric docs March 1999 cephes 1.1 9 Mar 1999 multipack 0.3 13 Apr 1999 Helper routines 14 Apr 1999 multipack 0.6 (leastsq, ode, fsolve, quad) 29 Apr 1999 sparse plan described 30 May 1999 multipack 0.7 14 Jun 1999 SparsePy 0.1 5 Nov 1999 cephes 1.2 (vectorize) 29 Dec 1999 Plotting?? ! Gist XPLOT DISLIN Gnuplot Helping with f2py
of your way) • Over-loadable operators • Complex numbers built-in early • Just enough language support for arrays • “Occasional” programmers can grok it • Supports multiple programming styles • Expert programmers can also use it effectively • Has a simple, extensible implementation • General-purpose language --- can build a system • Critical mass
solved well (distribute, pip, and distutils2 don’t cut it) • Missing anonymous blocks • The CPython run-time is aged and needs an overhaul (GIL, global variables, lack of dynamic compilation support) • No approach to language extension except for “import hooks” (lightweight DSL need) • The distraction of multiple run-times... • Array-oriented and NumPy not really understood by most Python devs.
software stack is for systems programming --- C++, Java, .NET, ObjC, web - Complex numbers? - Vectorized primitives? • Array-oriented programming has been supplanted by Object-oriented programming • Software stack for scientists is not as helpful as it should be • Fortran is still where many scientists end up
contiguous is better than strided • descriptive is better than imperative • array-oriented is better than object-oriented • broadcasting is a great idea • vectorized is better than an explicit loop • unless it’s too complicated --- then use Cython/Numba • think in higher dimensions
• Originated by Ken Iverson • Direct descendants (J, K, Matlab) are still used heavily and people pay a lot of money for them • NumPy is a descendent APL J K Matlab Numeric NumPy
oriented (easy to vectorize) • Algorithms can be expressed at a high-level • These algorithms can be parallelized more simply (quite often much information is lost in the translation to typical “compiled” languages) • Array-oriented algorithms map to modern hard-ware caches and pipelines.
System (including structures) • C-API • Simple to understand data-structure • Memory mapping • Syntax support from Python • Large community of users • Broadcasting • Easy to interface C/C++/Fortran code
to extend • Immediate mode creates huge temporaries (spawning Numexpr) • “Almost” an in-memory data-base comparable to SQL-lite (missing indexes) • Integration with sparse arrays • Lots of un-optimized parts • Minimal support for multi-core / GPU • Code-base is organic and hard to extend
enumeration) • Derived fields • Specification as a class (or JSON) • Pointer dtype (i.e. C++ object, or varchar) • Finishing datetime • Missing data with bit-patterns • Parameterized field names
than just contiguous arrays • Specification of ufuncs in Python • Move most dtype “array functions” to ufuncs • Unify error-handling for all computations • Allow lazy-evaluation and remote computation --- streaming and generator data • Structured and string dtype ufuncs • Multi-core and GPU optimized ufuncs • Group-by reduction
• Distributed ndtable which can span the world • Fast, out-of-core algorithms for all functions • Delayed-mode execution: expressions build up graph which gets executed where the data is • Built-in Indexes (beyond searchsorted) • Built-in labels (data-array) • Sparse dimensions (defined by attributes or elements of another dimension) • Direct adapters to all data (move code to data)
URLs). All the world’s data you can see via web can be in used as part of an algorithm by referencing it as a part of an array. • Dynamically interpret bytes as data-type • Scheduler will push code based on data-type to the data instead of pulling data to the code.
random access) • Variable-length arrays • All kinds of data-types (everything...) • Multiple patterns of memory access possible (Z-order, Fortran-order, C-order) • Sparse dimensions
• linear algebra • manipulation • Fourier Transform • Iteration and Dispatch to low-level kernels • Kernels can be written in anything that builds a C-like interface
to get fast code that works on arrays and scalars • Need access to a boat-load of C-extensions (NumPy is just the beginning) PyPy doesn’t cut it for us!
furthering the use of open source software in science. • To promote the use of high-level languages and open source in science, engineering, and math research • To encourage reproducible scientific research • To provide infrastructure and support for open source projects for technical computing
scholarships and grants for people using these tools • Pay for documentation development and basic course development • Fund continuous integration and build systems • Work with domain-specific organizations • Raise funds from industries using Python and NumPy
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