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3 state-of-the-art technologies in Linux and future of the containers #SECKUN
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KONDO Uchio
February 21, 2021
Technology
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3 state-of-the-art technologies in Linux and future of the containers #SECKUN
2021.02.21 「新しいセキュリティビジネスキャリア」シンポジウム
KONDO Uchio
February 21, 2021
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Transcript
ཁૉٕज़ͷstate of the art͔Βߟ͑Δ ۙ౻Ӊஐ࿕ / GMO Pepabo, Inc. 2021.02.21
ʮ৽͍͠ηΩϡϦςΟϏδωεΩϟϦΞʯγϯϙδϜ Linuxίϯςφͷະདྷ
GMOϖύϘגࣜձࣾ γχΞϓϦϯγύϧ ٕज़෦ٕज़ج൫νʔϜॴଐ ۙ౻Ӊஐ࿕ (@udzura)
ۙ౻Ӊஐ࿕ ུྺ • ࡾՏᅳͷਓɻچ٢ాൡߍ࣌शؗߴߍΛଔۀɺ౦ژେֶจֶ෦ຊޠຊจֶઐम՝ఔ ͷֶ࢜ଔʢ2007ʣɻ • ϚείϛͷࣾSEɺECαΠτ։ൃɺΦϯϥΠϯήʔϜ ։ൃͳͲΛܦͯ2013ΑΓݱ৬ɺಉʹԬҠॅɻ • RubyɺίϯςφɺΫϥυωΠςΟϒٕज़ͳͲͷίϛϡχςΟͰ
׆ಈɻஶॻʹʮWebͰ͑ΔmrubyγεςϜϓϩάϥϛϯάೖʯʢC&Rݚڀॴʣ • ͖ͳγεςϜίʔϧʢ࠷ۙʣ socketpair(2) ɻ
ࠓͷ͓ •ίϯςφͷཁૉٕज़ʹ͍ͭͯɺࢲͷߨٛͰʢͬ͘͟Γʣཧղ͞Εͨํ ͚ͷ༰Ͱ͢ɻཁૉٕज़ͷղઆࢀߟࢿྉΛͲ͏ͧɻ •ࢀߟ1: https://container-security.dev/ •ࢀߟ2: ʰίϯςφܕԾԽ֓ʱʢޱ, ΧοτγεςϜʣ •ۙͷΧʔωϧʹؚ·ΕΔ৽ٕज़ͷ͏ͪɺίϯςφʹؔ͢ΔͷΛ հ͠·͢ɻ
•͕࣌ؒ͋Εɺͦͷ্ͰίϯςφͷະདྷΛߟ͑·͢ɻ
cgroup v2
cgroup ͷ͓͞Β͍ •Linux Kernelͷجຊٕज़ͷҰͭɻ •ϓϩηεΛάϧʔϐϯά͠ɺͦͷάϧʔϓ୯ҐͰϦιʔεར༻ͷ੍ݶ Λ͔͚Δٕज़ɻCPUɺϝϞϦɺIOɺϓϩηε... IUUQTHJIZPKQBENJOTFSJBMMJOVY@DPOUBJOFST
cgroup v1ͷྫ •cgroupfs ͱ͍͏ϑΝΠϧγεςϜʹmkdir(2) read(2) write(2)ͳͲΛ࣮ ߦ͠ɺૢ࡞Λߦ͏
cgroup v2 •v1 ͷ͍͔ͭ͘ͷܽ - ओʹ੍ޚରʢίϯτϩʔϥʣ͝ͱʹσΟϨΫ τϦΛ͚ͳ͚Ε͍͚ͳ͍༷ - Λࠀ͘͢։ൃ͞Εͨ •େ͖ͳҧ͍ͱͯ͠ɺ
v1 ͰίϯτϩʔϥผʹσΟϨΫτϦ ΛϚϯ τɺݸผʹάϧʔϓʹॴଐͰ͖ͨͷʹର͠ɺv2ͰશίϯτϩʔϥΛ ·ͱΊͨҰͭͷσΟϨΫτϦͷΈΛϚϯτ͠ɺ·ͱΊͯάϧʔϓΛ ࡞͢ΔڍಈʹͳΔɻ •ίϯςφͱͯͪ͜͠Βͷํ͕߹͕͍͍ɻ
Unified hierarchy /sys/fs/cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup /group-a /group-b /cpu.* /memory.* /io.* ...
/cpu.* /memory.* /io.* ... /cpu /memory /blkio /group-a /group-b /group-a /group-c
ίϯςφϥϯλΠϜͰͷcgroupͷར༻ •ʢOCIܥͷʣϥϯλΠϜͰҎԼͷ2ͭͷઃఆ߲͕͋Δ •Cgroup Driver: ίϯςφʹׂΓͯΔcgroupΛͲ͏ίϯτϩʔϧ͢Δ͔ •cgroupfs: cgroupfsͷͷϑΝΠϧૢ࡞ •systemd: systemdʹΑΔཧ •Cgroup
Version: Ϧιʔε੍ݶʹ v1/v2 ͲͪΒΛར༻͢Δ͔ •/sys/fs/cgroup ʹͲͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜ͕Ϛϯτ͞ΕͯΔ͔Ͱఆ
v2 ͷ৽ػೳ •Unified Hierarchy •PSI(Pressure Stall Information) •eBPFͰcgoup IDͷऔಘ͕Մೳʹ •nsdelegate
(ඇಛݖίϯςφʹॏཁ) •clone3(2) Ͱಛఆͷcgroup෦ʹϓϩηε࡞͕Մೳʹ •ͳͲͳͲ...
e.g. PSI(Pressure Stall Information) •γεςϜશମɺ·ͨcgroup୯ҐͰར༻Ͱ͖Δෛՙͷࢦඪ •CPU, ϝϞϦ, IO Ͱ stall
ͨ͠୯Ґ࣌ؒͰͷׂ߹ ΛܭଌͰ͖Δ •e.g. 1ؒͰ45ඵؒɺάϧʔϓͷ ͋Δϓϩηε͕CPUىҼͰ Ԇͨ͠߹ɺcpu some: 75.00
e.g. eBPFͰͷτϥοΩϯάใ •bpf_get_current_cgroup_id(void) ϔϧύʔ •eBPFͷΠϕϯτ͕ى͖ͨλεΫ͕Ͳͷcgroup(v2)ʹॴଐ͍ͯ͠Δ͔ɺ ͦͷIDΛฦ͢ɻ
How cgroup-v2 and PSI Impacts Cloud Native? Uchio Kondo /
GMO Pepabo, Inc. 2019.07.23 CloudNative Days Tokyo 2019 Image from pixabay: https://pixabay.com/images/id-3193865/
eBPF per containers
eBPFٕज़ͱ •ϢʔβۭؒͰ࡞ͬͨϓϩάϥϜΛΧʔωϧͰಈ͔ٕ͢ज़ͷͻͱͭ •2012ʹseccompͷಋೖɺ2013ʹLinuxͷSDNͰͷԠ༻͕࣮͞ ΕɺͦΕҎ߱ख़͢Δ •ϑΟϧλϦϯά͕ಘҙʢtcpdump, seccomp, bpftraceʣ •ΧʔωϧͷใʹΞΫηεͰ͖Δ͕ɺةݥͳίʔυಈ͔ͳ͍ͳͲ ҆શੑ͕͋Δఔ୲อ͞Ε͍ͯΔ
eBPFͷԠ༻ྫ
ίϯςφͷeBPFτϨʔεઓུ •ઓུ͕͍͔ͭ͋͘Δ •Linux Namespace·ͨcgroup (v2)ͷใ͕ར༻Ͱ͖Δ
ྫ1: task_struct ͷใΛḷΔ •task_struct→nsproxy ͔Β namespaceͷใΛ औಘͯ͠ϑΟϧλ͢Δ ʢcxrayʣ IUUQTHJUIVCDPNNSUDDYSBZCMPCNBTUFSQLHUSBDFSPQFOPQFOHP--
ྫ2: NS/ϗετͰͷPIDΛൺֱ •BPFϓϩάϥϜͰऔಘͰ͖ͨ tidͱɺϗετͰͷtidΛ ൺֱ͠ɺҰக͠ͳ͚Ε ίϯςφͱఆ͢Δ ʢTraceeʣ • task_structґଘ IUUQTHJUIVCDPNBRVBTFDVSJUZUSBDFFCMPCNBJOUSBDFFUSBDFFCQGD-ɹ
ྫ3: cgroup helperΛར༻ IUUQTHJUIVCDPNVE[VSBDPQFODMPTFCMPCNBTUFSTSDCQGDPQFODMPTFCQGD
࣮ྫ •copenclose(8) •ۙ౻ͷPoC (BPF+Rust) •ϑϥάͰtask_struct/ cgroup v2 ID ΛΓସ͑
bpf_get_current_cgroup_id(void) を添えて Uchio Kondo / Container Runtime Meetup #3 ランタイムとcgroupの
xxxな関係 * Photo by Fukuoka City
seccomp
seccompͷ͓͞Β͍ •ϓϩάϥϜʹ͓͚ΔγεςϜίʔϧݺͼग़͠ΛϑΟϧλϦϯά͢Δ •γεςϜίʔϧͷҾͷ݅ʹΑͬͯࢦఆΛม͑ΒΕΔ •blacklist(denylist), whitelist(allowlist) ͳͲΛ࣮Ͱ͖Δ •ϑϥά͕ࡉ͔͘ଘࡏ͠ɺྫ͑γεςϜίʔϧͷauditϩάͷΈɺҙ ͷerrnoΛฦͤ͞ΔɺͳͲͷࢦఆ͕Ͱ͖Δ
seccompͷར༻(mruby)
User space notification •seccompʹΑΓγεςϜίʔϧݺͼग़͠Λݕ͠ɺͦͷڍಈΛϢʔβ ϥϯυͷϓϩάϥϜʹҕͶΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δٕज़ •Linux 5.0 (2019/3) ͔Βͷಋೖ •அ͢Δ·ͰɺͦͷγεςϜίʔϧϒϩοΫ͢Δ
•e.g. LXCͰͷσόΠεΞΫηεͷ੍ޚ IUUQTHJIZPKQBENJOTFSJBMMJOVY@DPOUBJOFSTɹ
User space notification IUUQTHJIZPKQBENJOTFSJBMMJOVY@DPOUBJOFSTɹ • LXCͰֶͿίϯςφೖ ୈ47ճɹඇಛݖίϯςφͷՄೳੑΛ͛Δseccomp notifyػೳ ΑΓ
࣮ྫʢmrubyར༻ʣ •ҎԼͷΑ͏ͳ acceptor.rbΛ ༻ҙ͢Δ
࣮ྫʢmrubyར༻ʣ •ҎԼͷinvokerΛܦ༝ͯ͠ϓϩάϥϜΛ ىಈɺ listen(3) ΛݺͿ
listen(2) ͷىಈݕ •acceptor.rb ଆͷίϯιʔϧͰڐՄ/ېࢭΛ੍ޚՄೳɻ •ېࢭͨ͠Βͦͷ··ىಈࣦഊͯ͠invokerϓϩηε͕མͪΔ •ڐՄͨ͠ΒԿͳ͔͔ͬͨͷΑ͏ʹɺىಈΛܧଓͯ͠Ϧοεϯɻ
listen(2) ͷىಈݕ ېࢭ࣌ͷग़ྗ ڐՄ࣌ͷग़ྗ
Ԡ༻ʁ •ʮҙͷϥΠϒϥϦؔݺͼग़͠ʯͰϓϩηεΛఀࢭɺCRIU(*)ʹΑΓ ϓϩηεμϯϓΛ࡞͢Δ࣮ݧΛߦͬͨɻ •LD_PRELOAD + ϥούؔ + ʮԿ͠ͳ͍ʯsyscall + seccomp
IUUQTVE[VSBIBUFOBCMPHKQFOUSZ $IFDLQPJOUBOE3FTUPSF*O6TFSTQBDF ϓϩηεͷঢ়ଶΛอଘɺ͔ͦ͜Β࠶ੜ͢Δٕज़ IUUQTDSJVPSH.BJO@1BHF
ߟ
৽ٕज़ʹΑΓͰ͖Δ͜ͱ૿͑Δ͕... •৽ٕज़ͷʮग़ݱʯͱʮීٴʯͷλΠϛϯάζϨΔ •ͨͱ͑ cgroup v2ͷॳग़2013ɻ •2019 ~ 2020 ʹϥϯλΠϜͰͷରԠ͕ਐΜͩଆ໘ •पลͷπʔϧ͕ग़ݱ͢ΔͷͬͱઌͰ͋Ζ͏
•ग़ݱظʹ୯ମͰٕज़Λݕূ͠ɺʢηΩϡϦςΟؚΊʣͲ͏͍͏͕ ͋Δ͔ɺͲ͏͍͏Մೳੑ͕͋Δ͔ݕূ͢Δҙٛେ͖͍
eBPF Linuxͷجຊٕज़ʹͳΓͭͭ͋Δ •ద༻ൣғ͕ͲΜͲΜ·͍ͬͯΔ •τϨʔγϯάɺଳҬ੍ޚωοτϫʔΩϯάͷ΄͔ɺcgroup(v2) deviceͷఆɺLSM BPF programͳͲͳͲ... •ηΩϡϦςΟͷจ຺ͰτϨʔεɺࠪɺҟৗݕͱ͔ܽͤͳ͍ٕज़ ʹͳΔ͜ͱ͕૾͞ΕΔ •Ұͭͷprog
typeʹ৮͓͚ͬͯͩ͘Ͱײ͔֮Γͦ͏