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Necessity is the mother of invention

Yoav Ram
January 01, 2020

Necessity is the mother of invention

I present our work on the "modified mean fitness principle", which suggests that if individuals with below-average fitness transition (e.g. mutate, migrate) to a different type, then the population mean fitness increases. We show this is the case whenever an individual is likely to increase his reproductive value due to a transition, and use a modifier model to analyse evolutionary stability of such a trait.

Yoav Ram

January 01, 2020
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  1. Necessity is the mother of invention Yoav Ram School of

    Computer Science IDC Herzliya TAU Theory-Fest, 1 Jan 2020 1
  2. Collaborators 2 University of Hawai‘i Lee Altenberg Stanford University Marcus

    W. Feldman Tel Aviv University Lilach Hadany Uri Liberman
  3. Generation of variation “Some authors believe it to be as

    much the function of the reproductive system to produce individual differences… as to make the child like its parents.” -- Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species, 1872 4
  4. “favorable mutations... The only raw material for evolution.” “high frequency

    of new mutant genes that cause an appreciable reduction in viability” Balance: Mutation -- A.H. Sturtevant Quar Rev Biol, 1937 7
  5. General Model • Types A1 , A2 , …, An

    (mutants, sites, behaviors) • Frequencies f1 , f2 , …, fn • Fitness w1 , w2 , …, wn A3 A4 A1 A2 13
  6. General Model • Type Ak transition probability is Ck •

    Ak transitions to Aj with probability Mj,k # → % = C( ⋅ %,# A3 A4 A1 A2 * Type transmission is vertical & uni-parental 14
  7. General Model The change in f=(f1 , f2 , …,

    fn ) is given by , / = − + where D and C is a positive diagonal matrices: = 8 0 0 0 ⋱ 0 0 0 ; = 8 0 0 0 ⋱ 0 0 0 ; M is an irreducible column-stochastic matrix, , is a normalizing factor to ensure ∑#>8 ; # / = 1 (1) 15
  8. Mutation Model 1 n possible alleles of a specific locus,

    A1 , …, An wk fitness of allele Ak Ck mutation rate with allele Ak , = 1/: mutations are equally probable to any allele 16
  9. Mutation Model 2 Ak : individual with k deleterious mutations

    wk fitness with k deleterious mutations Ck mutation rate with k deleterious mutations Mutations are deleterious or beneficial with probability δ and β: E,EF8 = , E,EH8 = , E,E = 1 − − 17
  10. Migration Model Ak individual in deme (site) k wk fitness

    in deme k Ck probability of leaving deme k Different migration schemes can apply (Karlin 1982) 18 , = K 1 − , = , = + 1 0, ℎ , = K 1 − , = , = ± 1 0, ℎ
  11. Learning Model Ak phenotype\behavior k e.g. number of hours to

    invest in foraging, etc. wk fitness of phenotype k Ck exploration rate of phenotype k i.e. 1-Ck exploitation rate Exploration breadth is modeled with M: Mj,k is the probability that an exploring individual with phenotype j will switch to phenotype k. 19
  12. Math details… , ∗∗ = − + ∗ • ,

    ∗ and ∗ are eigenvalue and eigenvector of − + • … which is non-negative primitive matrix • So , ∗ and ∗ exist, unique, non-negative • Perron-Frobenius theory • So… 23
  13. Long-term mean fitness ∗: stable equilibrium frequency vector , ∗:

    stable equilibrium population mean fitness , ∗∗ = − + ∗ ∗ Globally stable 24
  14. Result 1: Modified mean fitness principle If: fitness wk of

    Ak is below the mean fitness , ∗ Then: increasing Ck transition from Ak will increase mean fitness , ∗ 25
  15. Result 1: Modified mean fitness principle If: fitness wk of

    Ak is below the mean fitness , ∗ Then: increasing Ck transition from Ak will increase mean fitness , ∗ , ∗ = , ∗ − 26
  16. Result 1: Modified mean fitness principle If: fitness wk of

    Ak is below the mean fitness , ∗ Then: increasing Ck transition from Ak will increase mean fitness , ∗ , ∗ = , ∗ − 27
  17. Math details… Analysis uses Caswell’s formula for sensitivity of the

    population growth rate to changes in life history parameters ^ = = ⇒ = Caswell, TPB 1978 Hermisson et al, TPB 2002 Reproduced in appendix A of Ram et al., TPB 2018 28
  18. Stress-induced mutation Increasing the mutation rate Ck of individuals with

    below average fitness wk increases the population mean fitness , Ram & Hadany, Evolution 2012 Ram & Hadany, PRSB 2014 Modified mean fitness principle in action. 29
  19. Fisher’s Reproductive value Relative contribution to long-term population 30 Fisher,

    1930 pg 27 Hermisson et al, TPB 2002 Appendix B of Ram et al., TPB 2018
  20. Corollary 2: Reproductive value principle If: fraction of long-term population

    descending from Ak will increase, on average, from transitions Then: increasing Ck transition from Ak will increase mean fitness , ∗ 32
  21. Evolutionary genetic stability* • Modifier locus that modifies Ck •

    Start with resident allele b with {C1 , …, Cn } • Introduce invader allele B with {C’1 , …, C’n } • Can allele B increase in frequency and invade? • Allele b that cannot be invaded is evolutionary stable *Liberman, JMB 1988 35
  22. Modifier model , / = − − , / =

    − ′ − ′ is the frequency vector for resident allele b is the frequency vector for resident allele B , is the total population mean fitness 36
  23. Math details… , / = − − , / =

    − ′ − ′ Set to equilibrium (, ) = (∗, ) (B is absent) Check external stability of (∗, ) to increase in g Using eigenvalue of Jacobian of system at (∗, ) 37
  24. Reduction principle If transition rate is uniform: Ck =C doesn’t

    depend on k Then according to the Reduction principle*: Invader allele B invades the population if and only if it decreases transition rate C. * Altenberg, Liberman & Feldman, PNAS 2017 38
  25. Result 2: Evolution of increased genetic variation Invader allele B

    invades the population if it increases transition from types with below- average fitness. 39
  26. Result 2: Evolution of increased genetic variation Invader allele B

    invades the population if it increases transition from types with below- average fitness. j / k > = , ∗ − 40
  27. Summary • Increased transition from below-average types: • Increases population

    mean fitness • Expected to evolve • Assuming M is irreducible! • Applications to mutation, migration, learning… 42
  28. Outlook Cultural transmission Frequency-dependent transmission , / = − −

    Preliminary result in Liberman, Ram, Altenberg & Feldman, TPB 2019 Recombination and sex Preliminary result in Ram & Hadany, AmNat 2019 Transmission of social traits 43
  29. Ram Lab @ IDC 66 [email protected] @yoavram www.yoavram.com Now recruiting

    grad students and postdocs Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya