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microfluidics vs. self-assembly

andreas manz
October 11, 2013

microfluidics vs. self-assembly

... talk given at the Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris (October 11, 2013)

andreas manz

October 11, 2013
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  1. microfluidics vs self assembly microfluidics vs. self-assembly Andreas Manz KIST

    Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany KIST Seoul South Korea KIST Seoul, South Korea Mechatronics, Saarland University, Germany
  2. … questions like: “how is a butterfly wing manufactured?” wing

    manufactured? • microstructure, nanostructure, colour t bl t i l ( hiti ) t li • stable material (chitin), not alive • reproducibility • ease of manufacturing • low cost • … and what is the blueprint for it?
  3. … questions like: “how is a butterfly wing manufactured?” wing

    manufactured? d h t i th bl i t f it? •… and what is the blueprint for it? • … how to get from molecular biology to structure? • … how to get discrete size, structure • … how to engineer by self assembly? g y y
  4. … questions like: “how is a butterfly wing manufactured?” wing

    manufactured? d h t i th bl i t f it? •… and what is the blueprint for it? • … how to get from molecular biology to structure? • … how to get discrete size, structure • all 3 have identical genome g
  5. … questions like: “how is a butterfly wing manufactured?” wing

    manufactured? Morphidae, 170mm smallest feature 100nm
  6. … questions like: “how is a butterfly wing manufactured?” wing

    manufactured? Morphidae, 170mm smallest feature 100nm
  7. … note: I am not yet speaking of engineering a

    microsystem like this engineering a microsystem like this…. Syrphidae 7mm Syrphidae, 7mm
  8. what is “lab on chip” technology? • device made from

    a substrate dev ce de o subs e • using clean room technology • target: chemistry biology medical use • target: chemistry, biology, medical use • containing channels, reactors etc t i d t t h t t • may contain detectors, heaters, etc.
  9. why is it difficult? l t h l i i

    • clean room technology is expensive • labour intensive • mistakes in layout difficult to correct • (take my example…) ( y p )
  10. glass‐glass substrate materials pmma‐pmma glass glass pdms‐pdms pdms‐glass glass silicon

    glass‐glass silicon‐silicon glass‐silicon silicon‐silicon pmma‐pmma glass gold glass glass‐silicon glass‐gold‐glass glass‐laminate‐glass glass‐silicon‐glass d l l i l d d pdms‐glass ordyl multi‐layer glass pdms‐copper pdms‐silicon pdms‐pdms pdms‐silicon‐pdms quartz‐quartz • substrate materials used
  11. integrated features heaters porous membrane nothing t l l t

    d heaters g metal electrodes heaters porous membrane slit array outside metal electrodes slit array outside liquid membrane planar waveguides x‐ray source nothing t sensor phase quides • integrated featurs, like metal electrodes, heaters, membranes etc
  12. topology of channels binary branching structure non‐binary branching well tree,

    spider single channel central bed, ch around single channel 1 loop central ch array, tree central bed, ch around tree, spider central ch array, tree binary branching structure non‐binary branching well central chamber, frit, tree single channel 1 loop network central chamber, single ch • topology • spider, tree, loop, network, etc p p
  13. interfacing type flat plastic plates large holes, thick pdms cover

    large holes, thick glass cover eppendorf pipets open eppendorf pipets, open flat metal plates eppendorf pipets, open fused silica tubing don't know, not used plastic tubing ‐ glue fused silica tubing plastic tubing ‐ glue flat metal plates large holes, thick glass cover flat plastic plates large holes thick pdms cover don't know, not used large holes, thick pdms cover • interfacing type • (“chip to world interface”) p
  14. application area pumping sample prep basics application p p g

    separation d t ti separation biology detection reaction biology reaction basics application pumping pumping sample prep detection • what is the chip used for?
  15. commercializations commercial commercial attempt no attempt attempt no attempt •

    How many chips were in direct line to commercialization?
  16. take the best example ill l t h i •

    capillary electrophoresis • scaling: 100x smaller (length) • time to result: < 10,000x faster • targets RNA or DNA analysis g y
  17. • capillary electrophoresis, flow injection, electrochemical detection • glass –

    glass chip, design 1989, fab 1989 mettler imt switzerland g g p g • manz, fettinger, lüdi, widmer, svs bulletin 5, 4-10, 1990
  18. • capillary electrophoresis, injection, electrochemical detection • glass – glass

    chip, design 1989, fab 1989 mettler imt switzerland g g p g • manz, harrison, fettinger, verpoorte, lüdi, widmer, proc. transducers 1991 san francisco, 939-941, 1991
  19. • capillary electrophoresis, injection • glass – glass chip, design

    1992, fab 1992 mettler imt switzerland g g p g • effenhauser, manz, widmer, anal.chem. 65, 2637-2642, 1993
  20. • synchronised cyclic capillary electrophoresis, injection • glass – glass

    chip, design 1992, fab 1992 mettler imt switzerland g g p g • burggraf, manz, effenhauser, verpoorte, de rooij, widmer, j.high resolut.chromatogr. 16, 594-596, 1993
  21. • 2d capillary electrophoresis, injection • quartz – quartz chip,

    design 1996, fab 1997 imm mainz germany q q p g g y • becker, lowack, manz, j.micromech.microeng. 8, 24-28, 1998
  22. • capillary electrophoresis, parallel processing, injection • glass – glass

    chip, design 1996, fab 1996 caliper ltd. california usa g g p g p • manz, becker, proc. transducers 1997 chicago, 915-918, 1997
  23. • capillary electrophoresis, parallel processing, injection • glass – glass

    chip, design 1996, fab 1996 caliper ltd. california usa g g p g p • manz, becker, proc. transducers 1997 chicago, 915-918, 1997
  24. • 2d capillary electrophoresis, injection • glass – glass chip,

    design 1996, fab 1996 caliper ltd. california usa g g p g p • manz, bousse, unpublished (patent filing 2002)
  25. … and some results • proof of principle p oo

    o p c p e • high speed separation • commercial product • commercial product • market needs just 2x faster electrophoresis ( h di i ti !) • (…. how disappointing!)
  26. capillary electrophoresis results capillary electrophoresis results flow injection results electrochemical

    results missing • capillary electrophoresis, flow injection, electrochemical detection • manz, fettinger, lüdi, widmer, svs bulletin 5, 4-10, 1990 g
  27. • capillary electrophoresis, injection • manz, harrison, fettinger, verpoorte, lüdi,

    widmer, proc. transducers g p p 1991 san francisco, 939-941, 1991
  28. • capillary electrophoresis, small molecules, fluorescence • manz, harrison, verpoorte,

    fettinger, paulus, lüdi, widmer, p g p j.chromatogr. 593, 253-258, 1992 • harrison, manz, fan, lüdi, widmer, anal.chem. 64, 1926-1932, 1992
  29. • synchronised cyclic capillary electrophoresis, injection • burggraf, manz, effenhauser,

    verpoorte, de rooij, widmer, j.high resolut.chromatogr. 16, 594-596, 1993 • burggraf, manz, verpoorte, effenhauser , widmer, de rooij, sens actuators b20 103-110 1994
  30. • synchronised cyclic MEKC or capillary electrophoresis, injection • von

    heeren, verpoorte, manz, thormann, anal.chem. 68, 2044-2053, 1996
  31. • synchronised cyclic MEKC or CE, theophylline immunoassay • von

    heeren, verpoorte, manz, thormann, anal.chem. 68, 2044-2053, 1996
  32. • synchronised cyclic MEKC, human urine, derivatized with FITC •

    von heeren, verpoorte, manz, thormann, anal.chem. 68, 2044-2053, 1996
  33. • synchronised cyclic gel electrophoresis, amino acids • von heeren,

    verpoorte, manz, thormann, j.microcolumn separations 8, 373-381, 1996
  34. • synchronised cyclic gel electrophoresis, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides T2 -T10 •

    von heeren, verpoorte, manz, thormann, j.microcolumn separations 8, 373-381, 1996
  35. • label-free carbohydrate detection, holographic optical element • burggraf, krattiger,

    de mello, de rooij, manz, the analyst 123, 1443- 1447, 1998
  36. capillary electrophoresis results missing • 2d capillary electrophoresis, injection •

    becker, lowack, manz, j.micromech.microeng. 8, 24-28, 1998 j g
  37. … everything quite an effort … • seeking alternatives see

    g e ves • particulary for manufacturing • looking at examples in nature • looking at examples in nature • structured approach lf bl • self assembly
  38. starting very simple • 3 phase system • “self assembly”

    energy driven • self assembly , energy driven • a droplet (just that)
  39. Virtual Reaction Chamber Key properties – Water-based sample encapsulated by

    oil – (RT) PCR conducted on a PCR Oi glass cover slip – Micromachined heater/sensor Sample Oi l B are separated from the sample – Cover slip is disposable – Small sample volume makes system very fast Mirror reflection
  40. VRC details LENGTH HEATER SENSOR Key properties – VRC with

    glass placed on a LENGTH LINK SENSOR micromachined silicon – Heater integrated with LINK temperature sensor – Heating rate: thermal mass, available power with PID control – Cooling rate:  (thermal time constant) H T G P G H    ; 
  41. Ultrafast VRC, 650 K/s!!! 180 700 From room temperature to

    150 oC in 0.2 s!! 140 160 600 V) 100 120 ature (oC) cence (mV 60 80 Tempera 500 Fluoresc 20 40 400 0 5 10 15 20 Time (s)
  42. Avian Influenza Virus Detection by RT-PCR Key properties • SYBR-Green

    Real-Time RT- PCR 0 .6 2 ature (V) • Melting Curve Analysis • 8 minutes for RNA detection 0 1 Tempera 8 utes o N detect o 0 .3 -2 -1 e (V) V irusD etected H ot S tart P C R 100 150 10-2 cence (mV) uorescence (V/cycle) -3 uorescence V irus D etected R T 0 50 10-3 Fluoresc Differential Flu Critical Threshold 22.3 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 12 0 .0 -5 -4 Flu 0 10 20 30 40 10-4 Cycle Number T im e (m in)
  43. sample preparation 1) disruption of spores by superheating for fast

    DNA extraction fast DNA extraction 2) protein and peptide decomposition by 2) protein and peptide decomposition by superheating 63
  44. superheating solvent is at a temperature higher than boiling point

    without boiling! PCR Oi without boiling! Sample Oi l B experiment mirror reflection no boiling of aqueous solutions at 240 °C for more than 30 min!!! limited by thermal decomposition of surrounding oil y p g temperature x exposure time = applied energy 64
  45. Bacillus spore disruption by superheating spores of bacteria are highly

    resistance against: - dryness y - toxic substances - other aggressive substances substances - aging - heat: dry: 150 °C ca. 1 h boiling: ca 5 h boiling: ca. 5 h electron microscope cross section of a spore of Bacillus electron microscope cross-section of a spore of Bacillus subtilis, showing the cortex and coat layers surrounding the core (dark central area). spore is 1.2 µm across. (Picture: S. Pankratz, Berkeley University of California) 65
  46. B. subtilis purified spores microscope image of Bacillus subtilis spores

    after contrast staining (spores: blue) contrast staining (spores: blue) Z i A i 2 1500 ifi i 66 Zeiss Axiotron 2, 1500 magnification
  47. B. subtilis purified spores after SUPERHEATING microscope image of Bacillus

    subtilis spores after contrast staining (spores: blue) contrast staining (spores: blue) Z i A i 2 1500 ifi i 67 Zeiss Axiotron 2, 1500 magnification
  48. spore disruption destruction of spores by superheating 1 0 1

    p o s itiv e c o n tro l n e g a tiv e c o n tro l 1 0 0 1 0 tensity s p o re s o lu tio n s p o re s a fte r p re tre a tm e n t s p o re s a fte r s u p e rh e a tin g 1 0 -1 1 0 scence int 1 0 -2 1 0 Fluore 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 1 0 C yc le N u m b e r 68
  49. start with “easy” samples: ACTH • adrenocorticotropic hormone (fragment 1-24)

    • molecular weight 2933.44 Da • ACTH is a biomarker for cellular stress, infections, cancer (metastases!), activates G proteins… 70
  50. peptide decomposition by superheating 2628.2 60 70 80 90 100

    Intensity 2932.645 No heating 49.0 640.8 1232.6 1824.4 2416.2 3008.0 Mass (m/z) 10 20 30 40 50 % 1467.313 g Mass (m/z) 5354.2 60 70 80 90 100 tensity 2932.6687 Superheating to 130 °C for 49 0 640 8 1232 6 1824 4 2416 2 3008 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % In 2 1467.3292 360.343 2724.5750 1475.3208 978.5501 213.122 2885.6414 1635.0529 10 s 49.0 640.8 1232.6 1824.4 2416.2 3008.0 Mass (m/z) 2.0E+4 60 70 80 90 100 ensity 2932.6814 Superheating to 130 °C for 49 0 640 8 1232 6 1824 4 2416 2 3008 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % Inte 2 1467.3354 2915.7068 2724.5742 1635.0637 379.0871 71.3642 2835.6299 978.8941 2884.6804 2682.5625 1363.2769 1539.3729 1498.2889 1691.1270 p g 20 s 71 49.0 640.8 1232.6 1824.4 2416.2 3008.0 Mass (m/z)
  51. how about a challenge? • manufacture an object hi h

    h ld b h d which you can hold by hand • from smaller parts which you cannot hold by hand • by self assembly y y • by structured approach
  52. Organelle Atoms Smooth muscle cell Molecule Atoms Chemical level At

    bi t f l l Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 2 Cardiovascular system Atoms combine to form molecules. Tissue level Smooth muscle tissue 3 system Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue Organ level Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organism level 4 5 6 g y Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organism level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6
  53. self assembly self assembly S. A. Stauth, C. J. Morris,

    and B. A. Parviz,in Evolvable Hardware 2004, Seattle, WA, 2004 Y H Jhang et al Organic Electronics Y.-H. Jhang et al., Organic Electronics, 13(10), pp. 1865-1872, 2012 K. Hosokawa, I. Shimoyama, and H. Miura, S & A t t A 57 117 125 1996 T. L. Breen et al., Science, 284, pp. 948-951, Sensors & Actuators A, 57, pp. 117-125, 1996 1999
  54. self assembly y S. E. Chung et al., Nature Materials,

    5, pp. 1147, 2008 S A St th d B A P i PNAS 103(38) C. Lin, Y. Liu, and H. Yan, biochemistry, 48(8), pp. 1663-1674, 2009 S. A. Stauth and B. A. Parviz, PNAS, 103(38), pp. 13922-13927, 2006
  55. concept • the use of hard material • achievement of

    asymmetric pattern by logical sequence • morphology-based assembly (non chemical functionalization) ) • capillary force as driving force • tripods as building blocks • tripods as building blocks • assembly at fluidic interface
  56. capillary force Surface Surface Air Su ace tension (γ) Su

    ace tension Meniscus Meniscus Tripod Water Contact angle (θc ) Water
  57. capillary attraction As approaching each other the contact angle is

    decreased P. Singh et al., Soft Matter, 2010, 6, 4310-4325 As approaching each other, the contact angle is decreased and laterally attractive capillary force is increased
  58. size effect In order to increase Bond number, higher density,

    larger size, and weaker surface tension of floating material and medium are necessary necessary.
  59. symmetric type • ANTHRACENE • Six different tripods are needed

    for this Six different tripods are needed for this assembly.
  60. B A B A’ B A B B C B

    B C (upset patterns are !) A B C A’ B C same!) A B C B C B B C C B B C B’ B’ 2x C B B C C X and X’ are pairs p
  61. less symmetric type • PHENANTHRENE • 13 different tripods are

    needed for this 13 different tripods are needed for this assembly.
  62. B B A B A’ B B B B C

    A’ B B C A A’ B D B D B D B B C B’ B’ C B B D B B 2x D B B D D
  63. E E D’ D’ A E A’ D A B

    B C B B A A’ B D B D B E D B F D’ F ’ B’ B’ E’ B’ B B
  64. F C C D’ F D F’ C C C

    D C C’ C’ D’
  65. our choice • Tripod: Plastic (SU-8) • Interface: water/air •

    The dimension of tripods: L 500 μm Material Densit (g/cm3) Yo ng’s mod l s(GPa) • The dimension of tripods: L~ 500 μm Material Density (g/cm3) Young’s modulus(GPa) Silicon 2.33 130-188 SU-8 1.19 4.02 PDMS 0.965 0.0018 Polyimide 1.43 3.2
  66. Fabrication Procedure of SU 8 Tripods 1 Omnicoat is used

    as releasing Fabrication Procedure of SU-8 Tripods 1. Omnicoat is used as releasing agent of SU-8 microstructure. 2. The stress of the structure should Coating omnicoat and SU-8 2050 on the wafer be minimized (RT curing, no sudden thermal-process) 3 Th t th th t i d 3. The way to gather the tripods without stacking each other is necessary Curing at RT and patterning necessary patterning Filtration for obtaining SU-8 tripods Releasing the tripods by dipping in the Remover PG
  67. process flow process flow 1. Fabricated SU-8 pattern 2. Diced

    sample 3. Release of tripods from the wafer 4. Placement of the filter paper on the filter 5. Configuration of the filtration system with vacuum pump 6. Filtration 7. Washing with D.I. water 8. Vacuum- drying of the 9. Observation with microscope 10. The petridish with floating tripod thoroughly filter paper elements
  68. elimination of local minimum elimination of local minimum - -

    Elimination of local Elimination of local Elimination of local Elimination of local minimum minimum A Elimination of local Elimination of local - - Elimination of local Elimination of local minimum minimum - - Round tip for Round tip for p p minimizing the minimizing the interacting area interacting area i i i i i i - - Sliding gradient Sliding gradient B
  69. smaller tripods smaller tripods Th tt ti f i t

    The attractive force is not strong enough to make them assembled because them assembled because the smaller size leads to smaller bond number and interfacial deformation
  70. … lipid extrusions … li id t b l •

    lipid tubules • reproducible • um size • (lifetime limited) ( )
  71. formation of P.S.Dittrich, M.Heule, P.Renaud, A.Manz Lab Chip 6 488-493

    (2006) formation of vesicle tubes Lab Chip 6, 488 493 (2006)
  72. … ongoing work … t t i • spontaneous extrusions

    • parallel extrusions • tubing, cilia, large surface materials • soft materials
  73. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION • biomimetic microfabrication may be very interesting for

    manufacturing ill i i d i l • still curiosity driven, very early stage • concepts for selective hierarchical • concepts for selective hierarchical assembly needed y
  74. k l d t acknowledgement Leon Abelmann, PhD, Professor Pavel

    Neuzil, PhD Matthias Altmeyer PhD Matthias Altmeyer, PhD Eric Castro, PhD Adam Pribylka V Al id In Korea: Vanessa Almeida Per Arvid Loethman Seung Jae Lee Tae Song Kim, KIST Seoul, Korea Seungwon Jung KIST Seoul Korea Mi Jang Himani Sharma Jukyung Park Seungwon Jung , KIST Seoul, Korea Min Cheol Park , KIST Seoul, Korea Pavithra Sukumar , KIST Seoul, Korea Christian Ahrberg Tim Mehlhorn Camila Madeira Campos Ca a ade a Ca pos Marc Pichel