1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
1 s Level 1 cache access 1 ns 3 s Level 2 cache access 3 ns 9 s Level 3 cache access 12 ns 36 s Main memory access (SDRAM) 120 ns 6 min SSD I/O 50–150 µs 2–6 days HDD I/O 1–10 ms 1–12 months Internet: San Francisco to New York 40 ms 4 years Internet: San Francisco to London 81 ms 8 years Internet: San Francisco to Sydney 183 ms 20 years TCP packet retransmit 1–3 s 100–300 years OS virtualisation system reboot 4 s 400 years SCSI command time-out 30 s 3 millenia Hardware virtualisation system reboot 40 s 4 millenia Physical system reboot 2 min 12 millenia
ID Name Description Price ? Customer fi rst name Customer last name ? Customer status Product price ? Product name Product description Customer ID Customer ID
ID Name Description Price ? Customer fi rst name Customer last name ? Customer status Product price ? Product name Product description Customer ID Customer ID
ID Name Description Price ? Customer fi rst name Customer last name ? Customer status Product price ? Product name Product description Customer ID Customer ID Product ID
ID Name Description Price ? Customer fi rst name Customer last name ? Customer status Product price ? Product name Product description Customer ID Customer ID Product ID Product ID
ID Name Description Price ? Customer fi rst name Customer last name ? Customer status Product price ? Product name Product description Customer ID Customer ID Product ID Product ID
bus 4. De fi ning services as nouns 5. Striving for consistency Five common mistakes with distributed systems 6. (Bonus!) Conflating service boundaries (logical) with deployment boundaries (physical) Six!
bus 4. De fi ning services as nouns 5. Striving for consistency Five common mistakes with distributed systems 6. (Bonus!) Conflating service boundaries (logical) with deployment boundaries (physical) Six!