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Building Scalable, Highly Concurrent & Fault To...

Building Scalable, Highly Concurrent & Fault Tolerant Systems - Lessons Learned

Lessons learned through agony and pain, lots of pain.

Jonas Bonér

July 27, 2012
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  1. I will never use distributed transactions again I will never

    use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again
  2. I will never use distributed transactions again Lessons Learned through...

    I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again
  3. I will never use distributed transactions again Lessons Learned through...

    I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again Agony
  4. I will never use distributed transactions again Lessons Learned through...

    I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again I will never use distributed transactions again Agony and Pain lots of Pain
  5. Agenda • It’s All Trade-offs • Go Concurrent • Go

    Reactive • Go Fault-Tolerant • Go Distributed • Go Big
  6. Shared mutable state ...code that is totally INDETERMINISTIC ...and the

    root of all EVIL ...leads to Together with threads...
  7. Shared mutable state ...code that is totally INDETERMINISTIC ...and the

    root of all EVIL ...leads to Together with threads... Please, avoid it at all cost
  8. Shared mutable state ...code that is totally INDETERMINISTIC ...and the

    root of all EVIL ...leads to Together with threads... Please, avoid it at all cost Use IMMUTABLE state!!!
  9. The problem with locks • Locks do not compose •

    Locks break encapsulation • Taking too few locks • Taking too many locks • Taking the wrong locks • Taking locks in the wrong order • Error recovery is hard
  10. You deserve better tools • Dataflow Concurrency • Actors •

    Software Transactional Memory (STM) • Agents
  11. Dataflow Concurrency • Deterministic • Declarative • Data-driven • Threads

    are suspended until data is available • Lazy & On-demand • No difference between: • Concurrent code • Sequential code • Examples: Akka & GPars
  12. Actors •Share NOTHING •Isolated lightweight event-based processes •Each actor has

    a mailbox (message queue) •Communicates through asynchronous and non-blocking message passing •Location transparent (distributable) •Examples: Akka & Erlang
  13. • See the memory as a transactional dataset • Similar

    to a DB: begin, commit, rollback (ACI) • Transactions are retried upon collision • Rolls back the memory on abort • Transactions can nest and compose • Use STM instead of abusing your database with temporary storage of “scratch” data • Examples: Haskell, Clojure & Scala STM
  14. • Reactive memory cells (STM Ref) • Send a update

    function to the Agent, which 1. adds it to an (ordered) queue, to be 2. applied to the Agent asynchronously • Reads are “free”, just dereferences the Ref • Cooperates with STM • Examples: Clojure & Akka Agents
  15. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core
  16. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming
  17. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming • Dataflow
  18. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming • Dataflow 2. Add Indeterminism selectively - only where needed
  19. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming • Dataflow 2. Add Indeterminism selectively - only where needed • Actor/Agent-based Programming
  20. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming • Dataflow 2. Add Indeterminism selectively - only where needed • Actor/Agent-based Programming 3. Add Mutability selectively - only where needed
  21. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming • Dataflow 2. Add Indeterminism selectively - only where needed • Actor/Agent-based Programming 3. Add Mutability selectively - only where needed • Protected by Transactions (STM)
  22. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming • Dataflow 2. Add Indeterminism selectively - only where needed • Actor/Agent-based Programming 3. Add Mutability selectively - only where needed • Protected by Transactions (STM) 4. Finally - only if really needed
  23. If we could start all over... 1. Start with a

    Deterministic, Declarative & Immutable core • Logic & Functional Programming • Dataflow 2. Add Indeterminism selectively - only where needed • Actor/Agent-based Programming 3. Add Mutability selectively - only where needed • Protected by Transactions (STM) 4. Finally - only if really needed • Add Monitors (Locks) and explicit Threads
  24. Never block • ...unless you really have to • Blocking

    kills scalability (and performance) • Never sit on resources you don’t use • Use non-blocking IO • Be reactive • How?
  25. Go Async Design for reactive event-driven systems 1. Use asynchronous

    message passing 2. Use Iteratee-based IO 3. Use push not pull (or poll) • Examples: • Akka or Erlang actors • Play’s reactive Iteratee IO • Node.js or JavaScript Promises • Server-Sent Events or WebSockets • Scala’s Futures library
  26. • You are given a SINGLE thread of control •

    If this thread blows up you are screwed Failure Recovery in Java/C/C# etc.
  27. • You are given a SINGLE thread of control •

    If this thread blows up you are screwed • So you need to do all explicit error handling WITHIN this single thread Failure Recovery in Java/C/C# etc.
  28. • You are given a SINGLE thread of control •

    If this thread blows up you are screwed • So you need to do all explicit error handling WITHIN this single thread • To make things worse - errors do not propagate between threads so there is NO WAY OF EVEN FINDING OUT that something have failed Failure Recovery in Java/C/C# etc.
  29. • You are given a SINGLE thread of control •

    If this thread blows up you are screwed • So you need to do all explicit error handling WITHIN this single thread • To make things worse - errors do not propagate between threads so there is NO WAY OF EVEN FINDING OUT that something have failed • This leads to DEFENSIVE programming with: Failure Recovery in Java/C/C# etc.
  30. • You are given a SINGLE thread of control •

    If this thread blows up you are screwed • So you need to do all explicit error handling WITHIN this single thread • To make things worse - errors do not propagate between threads so there is NO WAY OF EVEN FINDING OUT that something have failed • This leads to DEFENSIVE programming with: • Error handling TANGLED with business logic Failure Recovery in Java/C/C# etc.
  31. • You are given a SINGLE thread of control •

    If this thread blows up you are screwed • So you need to do all explicit error handling WITHIN this single thread • To make things worse - errors do not propagate between threads so there is NO WAY OF EVEN FINDING OUT that something have failed • This leads to DEFENSIVE programming with: • Error handling TANGLED with business logic • SCATTERED all over the code base Failure Recovery in Java/C/C# etc.
  32. • You are given a SINGLE thread of control •

    If this thread blows up you are screwed • So you need to do all explicit error handling WITHIN this single thread • To make things worse - errors do not propagate between threads so there is NO WAY OF EVEN FINDING OUT that something have failed • This leads to DEFENSIVE programming with: • Error handling TANGLED with business logic • SCATTERED all over the code base Failure Recovery in Java/C/C# etc. We can do better!!!
  33. The right way 1. Isolated lightweight processes 2. Supervised processes

    • Each running process has a supervising process • Errors are sent to the supervisor (asynchronously) • Supervisor manages the failure • Same semantics local as remote • For example the Actor Model solves it nicely
  34. How do I know if I have a performance problem?

    If your system is slow for a single user
  35. How do I know if I have a scalability problem?

    If your system is fast for a single user but slow under heavy load
  36. (Three) Misconceptions about Reliable Distributed Computing - Werner Vogels 1.

    Transparency is the ultimate goal 2. Automatic object replication is desirable 3. All replicas are equal and deterministic Classic paper: A Note On Distributed Computing - Waldo et. al.
  37. Transparent Distributed Computing • Emulating Consistency and Shared Memory in

    a distributed environment • Distributed Objects • “Sucks like an inverted hurricane” - Martin Fowler • Distributed Transactions • ...don’t get me started... Fallacy 1
  38. Fallacy 2 RPC • Emulating synchronous blocking method dispatch -

    across the network • Ignores: • Latency • Partial failures • General scalability concerns, caching etc. • “Convenience over Correctness” - Steve Vinoski
  39. Delivery Semantics • No guarantees • At most once •

    At least once • Once and only once Guaranteed Delivery
  40. The network is inherently unreliable and there is no such

    thing as 100% guaranteed delivery It’s all lies.
  41. Guaranteed Delivery The question is what to guarantee 1. The

    message is - sent out on the network?
  42. Guaranteed Delivery The question is what to guarantee 1. The

    message is - sent out on the network? 2. The message is - received by the receiver host’s NIC?
  43. Guaranteed Delivery The question is what to guarantee 1. The

    message is - sent out on the network? 2. The message is - received by the receiver host’s NIC? 3. The message is - put on the receiver’s queue?
  44. Guaranteed Delivery The question is what to guarantee 1. The

    message is - sent out on the network? 2. The message is - received by the receiver host’s NIC? 3. The message is - put on the receiver’s queue? 4. The message is - applied to the receiver?
  45. Guaranteed Delivery The question is what to guarantee 1. The

    message is - sent out on the network? 2. The message is - received by the receiver host’s NIC? 3. The message is - put on the receiver’s queue? 4. The message is - applied to the receiver? 5. The message is - starting to be processed by the receiver?
  46. Guaranteed Delivery The question is what to guarantee 1. The

    message is - sent out on the network? 2. The message is - received by the receiver host’s NIC? 3. The message is - put on the receiver’s queue? 4. The message is - applied to the receiver? 5. The message is - starting to be processed by the receiver? 6. The message is - has completed processing by the receiver?
  47. Ok, then what to do? 1. Start with 0 guarantees

    (0 additional cost) 2. Add the guarantees you need - one by one
  48. Ok, then what to do? 1. Start with 0 guarantees

    (0 additional cost) 2. Add the guarantees you need - one by one Different USE-CASES Different GUARANTEES Different COSTS
  49. Ok, then what to do? 1. Start with 0 guarantees

    (0 additional cost) 2. Add the guarantees you need - one by one Different USE-CASES Different GUARANTEES Different COSTS For each additional guarantee you add you will either: • decrease performance, throughput or scalability • increase latency
  50. Big Data Imperative OO programming doesn't cut it • Object-Mathematics

    Impedance Mismatch • We need functional processing, transformations etc. • Examples: Spark, Crunch/Scrunch, Cascading, Cascalog, Scalding, Scala Parallel Collections • Hadoop have been called the: • “Assembly language of MapReduce programming” • “EJB of our time”
  51. Batch processing doesn't cut it • Ala Hadoop • We

    need real-time data processing • Examples: Spark, Storm, S4 etc. • Watch“Why Big Data Needs To Be Functional” by Dean Wampler Big Data
  52. Centralized system • In a centralized system (RDBMS etc.) we

    don’t have network partitions, e.g. P in CAP • So you get both: Consistency Availability
  53. Distributed system • In a distributed (scalable) system we will

    have network partitions, e.g. P in CAP • So you get to only pick one: Consistency Availability
  54. Think about your data • When do you need ACID?

    • When is Eventual Consistency a better fit? • Different kinds of data has different needs • You need full consistency less than you think Then think again
  55. How fast is fast enough? • Never guess: Measure, measure

    and measure • Start by defining a baseline • Where are we now? • Define what is “good enough” - i.e. SLAs • Where do we want to go? • When are we done? • Beware of micro-benchmarks
  56. • Never guess: Measure, measure and measure • Start by

    defining a baseline • Where are we now? • Define what is “good enough” - i.e. SLAs • Where do we want to go? • When are we done? • Beware of micro-benchmarks ...or, when can we go for a beer?
  57. To sum things up... 1. Maximizing a specific metric impacts

    others • Every strategic decision involves a trade-off • There's no "silver bullet" 2. Applying yesterday's best practices to the problems faced today will lead to: • Waste of resources • Performance and scalability bottlenecks • Unreliable systems
  58. SO

  59. GO