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Networking & DNS 101
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Marc Cluet
June 08, 2013
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Networking & DNS 101
Marc Cluet
June 08, 2013
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Transcript
Marc Cluet – Lynx Consultants
What we’ll cover? ¡ Understand how networking works ¡
Understand all the basic networking protocols ¡ Understand how DNS works ¡ Be more awesome! Lynx Consultants © 2013
What is a Network? ¡ A computer network, or simply
a network, is a collection of computers and other hardware interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.[1] Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. A network is a group of devices connected to each other. Networks may be classified into a wide variety of characteristics, such as the medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, benefit, and organizational scope. (gotta love Wikipedia) Lynx Consultants © 2013
So in plain words… ¡ A network connects 2 or
more computers together § LAN (Local Area Network) is inside a known location (office, home, etc) § WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that connects two or more LANs Lynx Consultants © 2013
The Internet ¡ Internet is a network that connects
in a fault tolerant way many networks ¡ Our current version of the Internet works over the protocol IPv4 with the new protocol IPv6 starting to have some presence Lynx Consultants © 2013
Internet IPv4 ¡ The most common protocol in Internet is
right now IPv4 ¡ IPv4 has been the Internet protocol since 1980 (RFC 760) ¡ IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses, having a total space of 4,294,967,296 unique IPs Lynx Consultants © 2013
IPv4 IP address ¡ An IPv4 IP address is divided
in 8 bit chunks (1 byte per number) Lynx Consultants © 2013
IPv4 IP netmask ¡ A netmask defines what your local
network is, anything inside that netmask is considered local to you Lynx Consultants © 2013
IPv4 Problems ¡ IPv4 is running out of IP addresses
(last /8 delivered this year) ¡ IPv4 is not secure for most uses ¡ IPv4 was designed in the 70ies so its up for a review Lynx Consultants © 2013
IPv6 saves the day! ¡ IPv6 is the new internet
protocol ¡ Uses 128 bit addresses ¡ There’s more IP addresses in IPv6 than atoms on planet Earth Lynx Consultants © 2013
IP gateways ¡ As IP is the Internet Protocol
it has to know how to talk to other networks ¡ A gateway server is the one who sits in two networks at the same time, relying packets between those networks Lynx Consultants © 2013
So then how the Internet works? ¡ Gateways keep relying
your message from network to network until it reaches the destination ¡ The path to reach its destination can change all the time Lynx Consultants © 2013
IP protocols ¡ IP can run lots of different
protocols inside, the most known ones are § TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) § UDP (User Datagram Protocol) § ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Lynx Consultants © 2013
IP protocol definitions ¡ TCP sends packets with complete assurance
that they’ll reach their destination ¡ UDP sends packets without any kind of assurance that they’ll reach their destination ¡ ICMP sends control messages auxiliary to the IP protocol (like ping, traceroute, etc) Lynx Consultants © 2013
TCP Protocol ¡ Keeps track of all the packets it
sends (serial num) ¡ Destination acknowledges (ACK) every packet received ¡ Packets can arrive in any order and they’ll be reordered at destination Lynx Consultants © 2013
TCP Ports ¡ TCP can listen or talk in several
“channels” at the same time ¡ Ports are the channels where TCP (and UDP) talk, there’s a total of 65,536 channels ¡ Most common Ports § 80 http § 443 https § 25 smtp § 110 pop3 § 143 imap Lynx Consultants © 2013
UDP Protocol ¡ UDP sends packets as TCP to ports,
but there’s no guarantee that the packets will reach its destination. ¡ This is ideal for any kind of protocol that doesn’t need all its packets § Video Streaming § Radio Streaming Lynx Consultants © 2013
ICMP Protocol ¡ ICMP sends auxiliary messages that help Internet
routing ¡ Used in all of our common diagnostic tools § PING (icmp echo) § TRACEROUTE (icmp route) Lynx Consultants © 2013
ICMP - Ping ¡ Ping sends a packet to a
destination and reads the reply ¡ Bases itself on ICMP echo ¡ Can be filtered by routers and inbetween policy filters Lynx Consultants © 2013
ICMP - Traceroute ¡ Traceroute sends requests to every single
hop between us and a destination ¡ This is based on one special type of ICMP packet ¡ Some routers can decide to filter traceroute, in that case * will appear instead of the TTL Lynx Consultants © 2013
What is DNS? ¡ The Internet works with IP addresses
¡ How can we remember always that google is 173.194.67.103? ¡ It’s humanly impossible! Lynx Consultants © 2013
DNS saves the day ¡ DNS is a service (listens
on UDP port 53) ¡ DNS will give you the IP address of any name you want ¡ It can give you more than one address for extra redundancy Lynx Consultants © 2013
DNS Servers ¡ DNS is also a security risk, you
don’t want everyone to know your full DNS structure ¡ Big companies will show you a different DNS “view” based on where you are Lynx Consultants © 2013
DNS Geo Balanced ¡ DNS is also very useful to
be able to send you to the nearest point ¡ Try resolving www.google.com from different parts of the world! Lynx Consultants © 2013 www.google.com is 173.194.41.84 www.google.com is 74.125.26.104
Questions? Lynx Consultants © 2013