called Fungus. • All fungi are placed in separate kingdom and named as Kingdom Fungi. • The discipline of biology which is devoted to the study of fungi is known as Mycology. • Fungus has the ability to digest its food externally and absorbs nutrients directly from its cell wall.
(yeast) as well as multicellular (mold). Yeast is a type of fungi that lack hyphae whereas mold is a type of fungi that have hyphae. ➢ Fungus that exists in both forms, either occur as yeast or mold, depending on environmental conditions is called dimorphic fungi. Microscopic fungi - yeast and mold. Macroscopic fungi- mushrooms.
to humans in both beneficial as well as detrimental ways. ❖ Fungi are involved in a wide range of activities such as: some fungi are decomposers, parasites or pathogens of other organisms while some fungi are beneficial partners in symbiosis with animals, plants or algae.
the production of enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, polyhydric alcohols, pigments, lipids and glycolipids. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS: Black mold- Aspergillus & Blue mold- Penicillium on bread respectively
conducted by American society for Microbiology: • 89% of laboratories performing morphology based mycological examination • 16% use serological test • Fewer than 5% use molecular test • 3% use home brew molecular test
their morphological characteristics by comparison with those of the known species observed by microscope. ❖ Molds are studied macroscopically as well as microscopically.
conidiophore •Conidiophore- specialized hyphae that produce conidia •Phialides- flask-shaped projection arises from the vesicle •Vesicle- swollen end cells that stores the food •Columella- dome shaped structure found at the tip of sporangiophore •Sporangium- cell containing spores •Sporangiospores- spores that produced in the sporangium •Sporangiophora- specialized hyphae that bear sporangia •Hyphae- long filament, thread like tubular structures •Septate hyphae- cross wall divide the hyphae into uninucleate unit •Non-septate hyphae- no cross wall •Mycelium- mass of hyphae that can be seen macroscopically •Metula- branches arises from conidiophore
Microscopic images of molds Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium) are the part of my research which was carried out at Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR) under the supervision of Dr. Muhammad Naseem Khan (PCSIR) and Dr. Saifullah (University of Karachi).