‣ set aside the jokers, consider aces as face cards ‣ take out 3 aces → 13 face cards left in the deck (face cards: A, K, Q, J) ‣ take out a number card → 35 number (non-face) cards left in the deck (number cards: 2-10) 2. shuf fl e the cards, deal into two groups of size 24, representing males and females 3. count how many number cards are in each group (representing promoted fi les) 4. calculate the proportion of promoted fi les in each group, take the difference (male - female), and record this value 5. repeat steps 2 - 4 many times [use a deck of playing cards to simulate this experiment]