data or intelligence on your target. The data is gathered in order to better plan for your attack. Reconnaissance can be performed actively or passively.
publish all SSL/TLS certificates they issue in a public log Anyone can look through the CT logs and find certificates issued for a domain Details of known CT log files - https://www.certificate-transparency.org/known- logs https://blog.appsecco.com/certificate-transparency-part-2-the-bright-side-c0b99ebf31a8
the certificates issued by a participating CA for any given domain By looking through the logs, an attacker can gather a lot of information about an organization’s infrastructure i.e. internal domains, email addresses in a completely passive manner https://blog.appsecco.com/certificate-transparency-part-3-the-dark-side-9d401809b025
collect the CT logs and let’s anyone search through them 1. 2. 3. 4. https://crt.sh/ https://censys.io/ https://developers.facebook.com/tools/ct/ https://google.com/transparencyreport/https/ct/
is no way to delete an existing entry The domain names found in the CT logs may not exist anymore and thus they can’t be resolved to an IP address https://blog.appsecco.com/a-penetration-testers-guide-to-sub-domain-enumeration- 7d842d5570f6
like Wordpress, Joomla and others, there is a window of time where the installer has no form of authentication If the domain supports HTTPS it will end up on a CT log(sometimes in near real time) If an attacker can search through CT Logs and find such a web application without authentication then he/she can take over the server
by He claimed to have found 5,000 WordPress installations using CT logs over a period of 3 months that he could have potentially taken over HD Moore also discussed this technique in his Hanno Böck at Defcon 25 talk at BSidesLV 2017
project by CloudFlare helps you build an internal PKI. by Cloudflare automates certificate management using a CFSSL. Opt out of CT logs but you’ll miss out on all the security benefits that CT provides Name redaction in CT logs let's you hide your sub- domain information in a CT log CFSSL Certmgr
signature. NSEC and NSEC3 For explicit denial-of-existence of a DNS record DNSKEY Contains a public signing key DS Contains the hash of a DNSKEY record
client queries for a non- existent domain, the server must deny the existence of that domain. It is harder to do that in DNSSEC due to cryptographic signing.
generic, attackers can spoof the responses 2. Signing the responses on the fly would mean a performance and security problem 3. Pre-signing every possible NXDOMAIN record is not possible as there will be infinite possibilities
point to the record after the one you looked up Basically, NSEC record says, “there are no subdomains between sub-domain X and sub- domain Y.” $ dig +dnssec @ns1.insecuredns.com firewallll.insecuredns.com ... snipped ... firewall.insecuredns.com. 604800 IN NSEC mail.insecuredns.com. A RRSIG NSEC ... snipped ...
be used to zone walk DNSSEC signed zone that uses NSEC. # zone walking with ldnsutils $ ldns-walk iana.org iana.org. iana.org. A NS SOA MX TXT AAAA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY api.iana.org. CNAME RRSIG NSEC app.iana.org. CNAME RRSIG NSEC autodiscover.iana.org. CNAME RRSIG NSEC beta.iana.org. CNAME RRSIG NSEC data.iana.org. CNAME RRSIG NSEC dev.iana.org. CNAME RRSIG NSEC ftp.iana.org. CNAME RRSIG NSEC ^C
sub-domains by following the linked list of NSEC records of existing domains. $ dig +short NSEC api.nasa.gov apm.nasa.gov. CNAME RRSIG NSEC $ dig +short NSEC apm.nasa.gov apmcpr.nasa.gov. A RRSIG NSEC
NSEC3 provides a signed gap of hashes of domain names. Returning hashes was intended to prevent zone enumeration(or make it expensive). 231SPNAMH63428R68U7BV359PFPJI2FC.example.com. NSEC3 1 0 3 ABCDEF NKDO8UKT2STOL6EJRD1EKVD1BQ2688DM A NS SOA TXT AAAA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM NKDO8UKT2STOL6EJRD1EKVD1BQ2688DM.example.com. NSEC3 1 0 3 ABCDEF 231SPNAMH63428R68U7BV359PFPJI2FC A TXT AAAA RRSIG
generates NSEC3 hash of domain name for a given salt value and number of iterations Number of iterations & salt value is available as part of NSEC3 record. $ ldns-nsec3-hash -t 3 -s ABCDEF example.com 231spnamh63428r68u7bv359pfpji2fc. $ ldns-nsec3-hash -t 3 -s ABCDEF www.example.com nkdo8ukt2stol6ejrd1ekvd1bq2688dm.
commands to install nsec3walker on Ubuntu 16.04. build-essential package is a prerequisite. https://dnscurve.org/nsec3walker.html # Installing nsec3walker $ wget https://dnscurve.org/nsec3walker-20101223.tar.gz $ tar -xzf nsec3walker-20101223.tar.gz $ cd nsec3walker-20101223 $ make
and gained popularity Especially object/block storage Object storage is ideal for storing static, unstructured data like audio, video, documents, images and logs as well as large amounts of text. 1. AWS S3 buckets 2. Digital Ocean Spaces
of object storage, it is a treasure trove of information from an attacker/penetration tester perspective. In our experience, given an chance, users will store anything on third-party services, from their passwords in plain text files to pictures of their pets.
in a Bucket Each Bucket will get an unique, predictable URL and each file in a Bucket will get an unique URL as well There are Access controls mechanisms available at both Bucket and Object level.
URL it is trivial to do a dictionary based attack Following tools help run a dictionary attack to identify S3 buckets 1. 2. AWSBucketDump Bucket finder
Each Space will get an unique, predictable URL Each file in a Space will get an unique URL as well. Access controls mechanisms are available at Space and file level.
we tweaked to work with DO Spaces Spaces finder is a tool that can look for publicly accessible DO Spaces using a wordlist, list all the accessible files on a public Space and download the files. AWSBucketDump https://github.com/appsecco/spaces-finder
become critical in authenticating API keys are treated as keys to the kingdom For applications, API keys tend to be achilles heel https://danielmiessler.com/blog/apis-2fas-achilles-heel/
and collaboration platform Code repos on github tend to have all sorts of sensitive information Github also has a powerful search feature with advanced operators Github has a very well designed REST API has a neat little guide on edoverflow GitHub for Bug Bounty Hunters
target organization's repos and analyze them locally by @mazen160 comes very handy to automate the process GitHubCloner $ python githubcloner.py --org organization -o /tmp/output https://gist.github.com/EdOverflow/922549f610b258f459b219a32f92d10b
understand the code, language used and architecture Start looking for keywords or patterns - API and key. (Get some more endpoints and find API keys.) - token - secret - vulnerable - http://
search is quite powerful feature & can be used to find sensitive data on the repos A collection of Github dorks Tool to run Github dorks against a repo https://github.com/techgaun/github- dorks/blob/master/github-dorks.txt https://github.com/techgaun/github-dorks
gather Internet wide scan data and make it available to researchers and the security community. This data includes port scans, DNS data, SSL/TLS cert data and even data breach dumps that they can find. Find your needle in the haystack.
zone files for com/net/info/org/biz/xxx/sk/us TLDs $24.95/m Domains across many TLDs (~198m) $9/m New domain whois data $109/m PremiumDrops WWWS.io WhoisXMLAPI.com https://github.com/fathom6/inetdata
gzip-compressed JSON file so we can use jq utility to extract sub-domains of a specific domain: curl --silent https://scans.io/data/rapid7/sonar.fdns_v2/20170417-fdns.json.gz | pigz -dc | hea cat 20170417-fdns.json.gz | pigz -dc | grep "\.example\.com" | jq .name https://sonar.labs.rapid7.com/