specific heat, density, and viscosity are the important physical properties of matter in heat conduction and convection, emissivity and absorptivity are the controlling properties in heat exchange by radiation. From preceding sections it is seen that, for black-body radiation, Eb ¼ sT4. For actual surfaces, E ¼ eEb, following the definition of emissivity. The emissivity of the surface, so defined, is a gross factor, as radiant energy is being sent out from a body not only in all directions but also over various wavelengths. For actual surfaces, the emissivity may vary with wavelength as well as the direction of emission. Consequently, we have to differentiate the monochromatic emissivity el and the directionalemissivity eu from the total emissivity e. Monochromatic Emissivity. By definition, the monochromatic emissivity of an actual surface is the ratio ofits monochromatic emissivepower to that of a black surface at the same temperature. Figure 23.7 represents a typical distribution of the intensity of radiation of two lT(mm K) F0ÀlT Eb sT5 1 cm K 10,000 0.9142 0.2052 11,000 0.9318 0.1518 12,000 0.9451 0.1145 13,000 0.9551 0.0878 14,000 0.9628 0.0684 15,000 0.9689 0.0540 16,000 0.9738 0.0432 17,000 0.9777 0.0349 18,000 0.9808 0.0285 19,000 0.9834 0.0235 20,000 0.9856 0.0196 21,000 0.9873 0.0164 22,000 0.9889 0.0139 23,000 0.9901 0.0118 24,000 0.9912 0.0101 25,000 0.9922 0.0087 26,000 0.9930 0.0075 27,000 0.9937 0.0065 28,000 0.9943 0.0057 29,000 0.9948 0.0050 lT(mm K) F0ÀlT Eb sT5 1 cm K 30,000 0.9953 0.0044 31,000 0.9957 0.0039 32,000 0.9961 0.0035 33,000 0.9964 0.0031 34,000 0.9967 0.0028 35,000 0.9970 0.0025 36,000 0.9972 0.0022 37,000 0.9974 0.0020 38,000 0.9976 0.0018 39,000 0.9978 0.0016 40,000 0.9979 0.0015 41,000 0.9981 0.0014 42,000 0.9982 0.0012 43,000 0.9983 0.0011 44,000 0.9984 0.0010 45,000 0.9985 0.0009 46,000 0.9986 0.0009 47,000 0.9987 0.0008 48,000 0.9988 0.0007 49,000 0.9988 0.0007 (From M. Q. Brewster, Thermal Radiative Transfer and Properties, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992. By permission of the publishers). P Q λ1 0 Eλ,b λ Figure 23.7 Emissivity at various wavelengths. 23.6 Emissivity and Absorptivity of Solid Surfaces 367