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Developing RESTful Web APIs with Python, Flask ...

Developing RESTful Web APIs with Python, Flask and MongoDB

Presented at EuroPython 2012. The abstract: "In the last year we have been working on a full featured, Python powered, RESTful Web API. We learned quite a few things on REST best patterns, and we got a chance to put Python’s renowned web capabilities under review, even releasing a couple Open Source projects in the process. In my talk I will share what we learned. We will consider ‘pure’ REST API design and its many hurdles. We will look at what Python as to offer in this field and finally, we will dig further down by looking at some of the code we developed. Some of the technologies/stacks I’ll cover are (in no particular order): Flask, PyMongo, MongoDB, REST, JSON, XML, Heroku. Did you know? Like it or not, there is going to be a REST API in your future."

Nicola Iarocci

July 04, 2012
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  1. I’m a .NET guy 20 years in the Microsoft ecosystem

    Scary, Yes. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  2. REST defines a set of simple principles loosely followed by

    most API implementations mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  3. A web page is not a resource rather, the representation

    of a resource mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  4. #4 set of constraints separation of concerns, stateless, cacheability, layered

    system, uniform interface... we’ll get to these later mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  5. The World Wide Web is built on REST and it

    is meant to be consumed by humans mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  6. RESTful Web APIs are built on REST and are meant

    to be consumed by machines mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  7. How I Explained REST to My Wife by Ryan Tomayko

    http://tomayko.com/writings/rest-to-my-wife Beginners Reading mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  8. Simple & Elegant from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__)

    @app.route("/") def hello(): return "Hello World!" if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(debug=True) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  9. RESTful request dispacthing @app.route('/user/<username>') def show_user_profile(username): return 'User %s' %

    username @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>') def show_post(post_id): return 'Post %d' % post_id mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  10. from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app.route("/") def hello():

    return "Hello World!" if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(debug=True) Built-in development server & debugger mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  11. from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app.route("/") def hello():

    return "Hello World!" if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(debug=True) Explicit & passable application objects mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  12. from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app.route("/") def hello():

    return "Hello World!" if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(debug=True) 100% WSGI Compliant e.g., response objects are WSGI applications themselves mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  13. one day I will make good use of it Unittesting

    Support mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  14. No built-in ORM we want to be as close to

    the bare metal as possible mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  15. Python offers great tools to manipulate JSON, we can tinker

    something ourselves No data validation mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  16. The Pocoo Team did Werkzeug, Jinja2, Sphinx, Pygments, and much

    more Built by the Pros mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  17. Kenneth Reitz, DjangoCon 2012 “Flask is a sharp tool for

    building sharp services” mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  18. made NoSQL easy to grasp (even for a dumbhead like

    me) Similarity with RDBMS mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  19. Terminology RDBMS Mongo Database Database Table Collection Rows(s) JSON Document

    Index Index Join Embedding & Linking mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  20. JSON & RESTful API JSON accepted media type Client JSON

    (BSON) Mongo GET maybe we can push directly to client? mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  21. JSON & RESTful API JSON accepted media type Client JSON

    (BSON) Mongo JSON/dict maps to python dict API GET almost. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  22. JSON & RESTful API JSON objects Client JSON (BSON) Mongo

    JSON/dict maps to python dict (validation layer) API POST also works when posting (adding) items to the database mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  23. Queries in MongoDB are represented as JSON-style objects What about

    Queries? // select * from things where x=3 and y="foo" db.things.find({x: 3, y: "foo”}); mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  24. JSON & RESTful API native Mongo query syntax Client JSON

    (BSON) Mongo (very) thin parsing & validation layer API FILTERING & SORTING ?where={x: 3, y: "foo”} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  25. mapping to and from the database feels more natural JSON

    all along the pipeline mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  26. dynamic objects allow for a painless evolution of our schema

    (because yes, a schema exists at any point in time) Schema-less mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  27. official Python driver all we need to interact with the

    database PyMongo mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  28. Also in MongoDB • setup is a breeze • lightweight

    • fast inserts, updates and queries • excellent documentation • great support by 10gen • great community mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  29. Il Piccolo Libro di MongoDB by Karl Seguin, traduzione di

    Nicola Iarocci http://nicolaiarocci.com/il-piccolo-libro-di-mongodb-edizione-italiana/ Shameless Plug mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  30. RESTful Web APIs are really just collection of resources accesible

    through to a uniform interface mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  31. #1 each resource is identified by a persistent identifier We

    need to properly implement Request Dispatching mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  32. Collections Flask URL dispatcher allows for variables @app.route('/<collection>') def collection(collection):

    if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): (...) abort(404) api.example.com/contacts api.example.com/invoices etc. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  33. validation dictonary Collections Flask URL dispatcher allows for variables @app.route('/<collection>')

    def collection(collection): if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): (...) abort(404) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  34. we don’t know this collection, return a 404 Collections Flask

    URL dispatcher allows for variables @app.route('/<collection>') def collection(collection): if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): (...) abort(404) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  35. @app.route('/<regex("[\w]*[Ss]"):collection>') def collection(collection): if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): (...) abort(404) regular

    expressions can be used to better narrow a variable part URL. However... RegEx by design, collection URLs are plural nouns mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  36. RegEx We need to build our own Custom Converter class

    RegexConverter(BaseConverter): def __init__(self, url_map, *items): super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(url_map) self.regex = items[0] app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter subclass BaseConverter and pass the new converter to the url_map mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  37. And eventually by an alternative lookup value Document http://api.example.com/v1/contacts/CUST12345 Documents

    are identified by ObjectID http://api.example.com/v1/contacts/4f46445fc88e201858000000 mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  38. Document and of course it also handles multiple RegEx variables

    http://api.example.com/v1/contacts/4f46445fc88e201858000000 @app.route('/<regex("[\w]*[Ss]"):collection>/<lookup>') @app.route('/<regex("[\w]*[Ss]"):collection>' '/<regex("[a-f0-9]{24}"):object_id>') def document(collection, lookup=None, object_id=None): (...) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  39. Document Different URLs can be dispatched to the same function

    just by piling up @app.route decorators. @app.route('/<regex("[\w]*[Ss]"):collection>/<lookup>') @app.route('/<regex("[\w]*[Ss]"):collection>' '/<regex("[a-f0-9]{24}"):object_id>') def document(collection, lookup=None, object_id=None): (...) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  40. #2 representation of resources via media types JSON, XML or

    any other valid internet media type depends on the request and not the identifier mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  41. Accepted Media Types mapping supported media types to corresponding renderer

    functions mime_types = {'json_renderer': ('application/json',), 'xml_renderer': ('application/xml', 'text/xml', 'application/x-xml',)} JSON rendering function mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  42. Accepted Media Types mime_types = {'json_renderer': ('application/json',), 'xml_renderer': ('application/xml', 'text/xml',

    'application/x-xml',)} corresponding JSON internet media type mapping supported media types to corresponding renderer functions mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  43. Accepted Media Types mime_types = {'json_renderer': ('application/json',), 'xml_renderer': ('application/xml', 'text/xml',

    'application/x-xml',)} XML rendering function mapping supported media types to corresponding renderer functions mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  44. Accepted Media Types mime_types = {'json_renderer': ('application/json',), 'xml_renderer': ('application/xml', 'text/xml',

    'application/x-xml',)} corresponding XML internet media types mapping supported media types to corresponding renderer functions mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  45. JSON Render datetimes and ObjectIDs call for further tinkering renderer

    function mapped to the appication/json media type class APIEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, obj): if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime): return date_to_str(obj) elif isinstance(obj, ObjectId): return str(obj) return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj) def json_renderer(**data): return json.dumps(data, cls=APIEncoder) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  46. JSON Render datetimes and ObjectIDs call for further tinkering standard

    json encoding is not enough, we need a specialized JSONEncoder class APIEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, obj): if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime): return date_to_str(obj) elif isinstance(obj, ObjectId): return str(obj) return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj) def json_renderer(**data): return json.dumps(data, cls=APIEncoder) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  47. class APIEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, obj): if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime): return date_to_str(obj)

    elif isinstance(obj, ObjectId): return str(obj) return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj) def json_renderer(**data): return json.dumps(data, cls=APIEncoder) JSON Render Python datetimes are encoded as RFC 1123 strings: “Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC” datetimes and ObjectIDs call for further tinkering mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  48. JSON Render class APIEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, obj): if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime):

    return date_to_str(obj) elif isinstance(obj, ObjectId): return str(obj) return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj) def json_renderer(**data): return json.dumps(data, cls=APIEncoder) Mongo ObjectId data types are encoded as strings: “4f46445fc88e201858000000” datetimes and ObjectIDs call for further tinkering mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  49. JSON Render we let json/simplejson handle the other data types

    class APIEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, obj): if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime): return date_to_str(obj) elif isinstance(obj, ObjectId): return str(obj) return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj) def json_renderer(**data): return json.dumps(data, cls=APIEncoder) datetimes and ObjectIDs call for further tinkering mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  50. Rendering Render to JSON or XML and get WSGI response

    object best match between request Accept header and media types supported by the service def prep_response(dct, status=200): mime, render = get_best_mime() rendered = globals()[render](**dct) resp = make_response(rendered, status) resp.mimetype = mime return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  51. Rendering Render to JSON or XML and get WSGI response

    object call the appropriate render function and retrieve the encoded JSON or XML def prep_response(dct, status=200): mime, render = get_best_mime() rendered = globals()[render](**dct) resp = make_response(rendered, status) resp.mimetype = mime return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  52. Rendering Render to JSON or XML and get WSGI response

    object flask’s make_response() returns a WSGI response object wich we can use to attach headers def prep_response(dct, status=200): mime, render = get_best_mime() rendered = globals()[render](**dct) resp = make_response(rendered, status) resp.mimetype = mime return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  53. Rendering Render to JSON or XML and get WSGI response

    object and finally, we set the appropriate mime type in the response header def prep_response(dct, status=200): mime, render = get_best_mime() rendered = globals()[render](**dct) resp = make_response(rendered, status) resp.mimetype = mime return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  54. Flask-MimeRender “Python module for RESTful resource representation using MIME Media-Types

    and the Flask Microframework” !"!#"$%&'((#)('%*+,",-.-$/-. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  55. Flask-MimeRender Render Functions render_json = jsonify render_xml = lambda message:

    '<message>%s</message>' % message render_txt = lambda message: message render_html = lambda message: '<html><body>%s</body></html>' % \ message mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  56. Flask-MimeRender then you just decorate your end-point function @app.route('/') @mimerender(

    default = 'html', html = render_html, xml = render_xml, json = render_json, txt = render_txt ) def index(): if request.method == 'GET': return {'message': 'Hello, World!'} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  57. Flask-MimeRender Requests $ curl -H "Accept: application/html" example.com/ <html><body>Hello, World!</body></html>

    $ curl -H "Accept: application/xml" example.com/ <message>Hello, World!</message> $ curl -H "Accept: application/json" example.com/ {'message':'Hello, World!'} $ curl -H "Accept: text/plain" example.com/ Hello, World! mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  58. “GET, POST, PUT, DELETE and all that mess” #3 resource

    manipulation through HTTP verbs mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  59. HTTP Methods Verbs are handled along with URL routing @app.route('/<collection>',

    methods=['GET', 'POST']) def collection(collection): if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): if request.method == 'GET': return get_collection(collection) elif request.method == 'POST': return post(collection) abort(404) accepted HTTP verbs a PUT will throw a 405 Command Not Allowed mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  60. @app.route('/<collection>', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def collection(collection): if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): if

    request.method == 'GET': return get_collection(collection) elif request.method == 'POST': return post(collection) abort(404) HTTP Methods Verbs are handled along with URL routing the global request object provides access to clients’ request headers mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  61. @app.route('/<collection>', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def collection(collection): if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): if

    request.method == 'GET': return get_collection(collection) elif request.method == 'POST': return post(collection) abort(404) HTTP Methods Verbs are handled along with URL routing we respond to a GET request for a ‘collection’ resource mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  62. @app.route('/<collection>', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def collection(collection): if collection in DOMAIN.keys(): if

    request.method == 'GET': return get_collection(collection) elif request.method == 'POST': return post(collection) abort(404) HTTP Methods Verbs are handled along with URL routing and here we respond to a POST request. Handling HTTP methods is easy! mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  63. CRUD via REST Acttion HTTP Verb Context Get GET Collection/

    Document Create POST Collection Update PATCH* Document Delete DELETE Document * WTF? mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  64. Collection GET def get_collection(collection): where = request.args.get('where') if where: args['spec']

    = json.loads(where, object_hook=datetime_parser) (...) response = {} documents = [] cursor = db(collection).find(**args) for document in cursor: documents.append(document) response[collection] = documents return prep_response(response) request.args returns the original URI’s query definition, in our example: where = {“age”: {“$gt”: 20}} http://api.example.com/v1/contacts?where={“age”: {“$gt”: 20}} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  65. Collection GET def get_collection(collection): where = request.args.get('where') if where: args['spec']

    = json.loads(where, object_hook=datetime_parser) (...) response = {} documents = [] cursor = db(collection).find(**args) for document in cursor: documents.append(document) response[collection] = documents return prep_response(response) as the query already comes in as a Mongo expression: {“age”: {“$gt”: 20}} we simply convert it to JSON. http://api.example.com/v1/contacts?where={“age”: {“$gt”: 20}} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  66. Collection GET def get_collection(collection): where = request.args.get('where') if where: args['spec']

    = json.loads(where, object_hook=datetime_parser) (...) response = {} documents = [] cursor = db(collection).find(**args) for document in cursor: documents.append(document) response[collection] = documents return prep_response(response) String-to-datetime conversion is obtained via the object_hook mechanism http://api.example.com/v1/contacts?where={“age”: {“$gt”: 20}} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  67. Collection GET def get_collection(collection): where = request.args.get('where') if where: args['spec']

    = json.loads(where, object_hook=datetime_parser) (...) response = {} documents = [] cursor = db(collection).find(**args) for document in cursor: documents.append(document) response[collection] = documents return prep_response(response) find() accepts a python dict as query expression, and returns a cursor we can iterate http://api.example.com/v1/contacts?where={“age”: {“$gt”: 20}} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  68. Collection GET def get_collection(collection): where = request.args.get('where') if where: args['spec']

    = json.loads(where, object_hook=datetime_parser) (...) response = {} documents = [] cursor = db(collection).find(**args) for document in cursor: documents.append(document) response[collection] = documents return prep_response(response) finally, we encode the response dict with the requested MIME media-type http://api.example.com/v1/contacts?where={“age”: {“$gt”: 20}} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  69. On encoding JSON dates • We don’t want to force

    metadata into JSON representation: (“updated”: “$date: Thu 1, ..”) • Likewise, epochs are not an option • We are aiming for a broad solution not relying on the knoweldge of the current domain mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  70. Parsing JSON dates object_hook is usually used to deserialize JSON

    to classes (rings a ORM bell?) >>> source = '{"updated": "Thu, 1 Mar 2012 10:00:49 UTC"}' >>> dct = json.loads(source, object_hook=datetime_parser) >>> dct {u'updated': datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1, 10, 0, 49)} def datetime_parser(dct): for k, v in dct.items(): if isinstance(v, basestring) and re.search("\ UTC", v): try: dct[k] = datetime.datetime.strptime(v, DATE_FORMAT) except: pass return dct this is what I came out with mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  71. Parsing JSON dates the resulting dct now has datetime values

    instead of string representations of dates >>> source = '{"updated": "Thu, 1 Mar 2012 10:00:49 UTC"}' >>> dct = json.loads(source, object_hook=datetime_parser) >>> dct {u'updated': datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1, 10, 0, 49)} def datetime_parser(dct): for k, v in dct.items(): if isinstance(v, basestring) and re.search("\ UTC", v): try: dct[k] = datetime.datetime.strptime(v, DATE_FORMAT) except: pass return dct this is what I came out with mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  72. Parsing JSON dates the function receives a dict representing the

    decoded JSON >>> source = '{"updated": "Thu, 1 Mar 2012 10:00:49 UTC"}' >>> dct = json.loads(source, object_hook=datetime_parser) >>> dct {u'updated': datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1, 10, 0, 49)} def datetime_parser(dct): for k, v in dct.items(): if isinstance(v, basestring) and re.search("\ UTC", v): try: dct[k] = datetime.datetime.strptime(v, DATE_FORMAT) except: pass return dct this is what I came out with mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  73. Parsing JSON dates strings matching the RegEx (which probably should

    be better defined)... >>> source = '{"updated": "Thu, 1 Mar 2012 10:00:49 UTC"}' >>> dct = json.loads(source, object_hook=datetime_parser) >>> dct {u'updated': datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1, 10, 0, 49)} def datetime_parser(dct): for k, v in dct.items(): if isinstance(v, basestring) and re.search("\ UTC", v): try: dct[k] = datetime.datetime.strptime(v, DATE_FORMAT) except: pass return dct this is what I came out with mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  74. Parsing JSON dates ...are converted to datetime values >>> source

    = '{"updated": "Thu, 1 Mar 2012 10:00:49 UTC"}' >>> dct = json.loads(source, object_hook=datetime_parser) >>> dct {u'updated': datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1, 10, 0, 49)} def datetime_parser(dct): for k, v in dct.items(): if isinstance(v, basestring) and re.search("\ UTC", v): try: dct[k] = datetime.datetime.strptime(v, DATE_FORMAT) except: pass return dct this is what I came out with mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  75. Parsing JSON dates if conversion fails we assume that we

    are dealing a normal, legit string >>> source = '{"updated": "Thu, 1 Mar 2012 10:00:49 UTC"}' >>> dct = json.loads(source, object_hook=datetime_parser) >>> dct {u'updated': datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1, 10, 0, 49)} def datetime_parser(dct): for k, v in dct.items(): if isinstance(v, basestring) and re.search("\ UTC", v): try: dct[k] = datetime.datetime.strptime(v, DATE_FORMAT) except: pass return dct this is what I came out with mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  76. Why not PUT? • PUT means resource creation or replacement

    at a given URL • PUT does not allow for partial updates of a resource • 99% of the time we are updating just one or two fields • We don’t want to send complete representations of the document we are updating • Mongo allows for atomic updates and we want to take advantage of that mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  77. ‘atomic’ PUT updates are ok when each field is itself

    a resource http://api.example.com/v1/contacts/<id>/address mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  78. Enter PATCH “This specification defines the new method, PATCH, which

    is used to apply partial modifications to a resource.” RFC5789 mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  79. PATCH • send a “patch document” with just the changes

    to be applied to the document • saves bandwidth and reduces traffic • it’s been around since 1995 • it is a RFC Proposed Standard • Widely adopted (will replace PUT in Rails 4.0) • clients not supporting it can fallback to POST with ‘X-HTTP-Method-Override: PATCH’ header tag mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  80. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) request.form returns a dict with request form data. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  81. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) we aren’t going to accept more than one document here mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  82. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) retrieve the original document ID, will be used by the update command mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  83. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) validate the updates mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  84. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) add validation results to the response dictionary mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  85. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) $set accepts a dict with the updates for the db eg: {“active”: False}. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  86. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) mongo update() method commits updates to the database. Updates are atomic. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  87. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) udpate() takes the unique Id of the document andthe update expression ($set) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  88. PATCHing def patch_document(collection, original): docs = parse_request(request.form) if len(docs) >

    1: abort(400) key, value = docs.popitem() response_item = {} object_id = original[ID_FIELD] # Validation validate(value, collection, object_id) response_item['validation'] = value['validation'] if value['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: # Perform the update updates = {"$set": value['doc']} db(collection).update({"_Id": ObjectId(object_id)}, updates) response_item[ID_FIELD] = object_id return prep_response(response_item) as always, our response dictionary is returned with proper encding mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  89. POSTing we accept multiple documents (remember, we are at collection

    level here) def post(collection): docs = parse_request(request.form) response = {} for key, item in docs.items(): response_item = {} validate(item, collection) if item['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: document = item['doc'] response_item[ID_FIELD] = db(collection).insert(document) response_item['link'] = get_document_link(collection, response_item[ID_FIELD]) response_item['validation'] = item['validation'] response[key] = response_item return {'response': response} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  90. def post(collection): docs = parse_request(request.form) response = {} for key,

    item in docs.items(): response_item = {} validate(item, collection) if item['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: document = item['doc'] response_item[ID_FIELD] = db(collection).insert(document) response_item['link'] = get_document_link(collection, response_item[ID_FIELD]) response_item['validation'] = item['validation'] response[key] = response_item return {'response': response} POSTing we loop through the documents to be inserted mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  91. POSTing perform validation on the document def post(collection): docs =

    parse_request(request.form) response = {} for key, item in docs.items(): response_item = {} validate(item, collection) if item['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: document = item['doc'] response_item[ID_FIELD] = db(collection).insert(document) response_item['link'] = get_document_link(collection, response_item[ID_FIELD]) response_item['validation'] = item['validation'] response[key] = response_item return {'response': response} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  92. POSTing push document and get its ObjectId back from Mongo.

    like other CRUD operations, inserting is trivial in mongo. def post(collection): docs = parse_request(request.form) response = {} for key, item in docs.items(): response_item = {} validate(item, collection) if item['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: document = item['doc'] response_item[ID_FIELD] = db(collection).insert(document) response_item['link'] = get_document_link(collection, response_item[ID_FIELD]) response_item['validation'] = item['validation'] response[key] = response_item return {'response': response} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  93. POSTing a direct link to the resource we just created

    is added to the response def post(collection): docs = parse_request(request.form) response = {} for key, item in docs.items(): response_item = {} validate(item, collection) if item['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: document = item['doc'] response_item[ID_FIELD] = db(collection).insert(document) response_item['link'] = get_document_link(collection, response_item[ID_FIELD]) response_item['validation'] = item['validation'] response[key] = response_item return {'response': response} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  94. POSTing validation result is always returned to the client, even

    if the doc has not been inserted def post(collection): docs = parse_request(request.form) response = {} for key, item in docs.items(): response_item = {} validate(item, collection) if item['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: document = item['doc'] response_item[ID_FIELD] = db(collection).insert(document) response_item['link'] = get_document_link(collection, response_item[ID_FIELD]) response_item['validation'] = item['validation'] response[key] = response_item return {'response': response} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  95. POSTing standard response enconding applied def post(collection): docs = parse_request(request.form)

    response = {} for key, item in docs.items(): response_item = {} validate(item, collection) if item['validation']['response'] != VALIDATION_ERROR: document = item['doc'] response_item[ID_FIELD] = db(collection).insert(document) response_item['link'] = get_document_link(collection, response_item[ID_FIELD]) response_item['validation'] = item['validation'] response[key] = response_item return {'response': response} mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  96. Data Validation DOMAIN = {} DOMAIN['contacts'] = { 'secondary_id': 'name',

    'fields': { 'name': { 'data_type': 'string', 'required': True, 'unique': True, 'max_length': 120, 'min_length': 1 }, DOMAIN is a Python dict containing our validation rules and schema structure mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  97. Data Validation every resource (collection) maintained by the API has

    a key in DOMAIN DOMAIN = {} DOMAIN['contacts'] = { 'secondary_id': 'name', 'fields': { 'name': { 'data_type': 'string', 'required': True, 'unique': True, 'max_length': 120, 'min_length': 1 }, mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  98. Data Validation if the resource allows for a secondary lookup

    field, we define it here DOMAIN = {} DOMAIN['contacts'] = { 'secondary_id': 'name', 'fields': { 'name': { 'data_type': 'string', 'required': True, 'unique': True, 'max_length': 120, 'min_length': 1 }, mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  99. Data Validation known fields go in the fields dict DOMAIN

    = {} DOMAIN['contacts'] = { 'secondary_id': 'name', 'fields': { 'name': { 'data_type': 'string', 'required': True, 'unique': True, 'max_length': 120, 'min_length': 1 }, mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  100. Data Validation validation rules for ‘name’ field. data_type is mostly

    needed to process datetimes and currency values DOMAIN = {} DOMAIN['contacts'] = { 'secondary_id': 'name', 'fields': { 'name': { 'data_type': 'string', 'required': True, 'unique': True, 'max_length': 120, 'min_length': 1 }, mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  101. Data Validation we can define custom validation functions when the

    need arises (...) 'iban': { 'data_type': 'string', 'custom_validation': { 'module': 'customvalidation', 'function': 'validate_iban' } } (...) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  102. Data Validation or we can define our own custom data

    types... (...) 'contact_type': { 'data_type': 'array', 'allowed_values': [ 'client', 'agent', 'supplier', 'area manager', 'vector' ] } (...) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  103. Data Validation ... like the array, which allows us to

    define a list of accepted values for the field (...) 'contact_type': { 'data_type': 'array', 'allowed_values': [ 'client', 'agent', 'supplier', 'area manager', 'vector' ] } (...) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  104. Hey but! You’re building your own ORM! Just a thin

    validation layer on which I have total control AKA So What? mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  105. #4 Caching and concurrency control resource representation describes how when

    and if it can be used, discarded or re-fetched mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  106. Driving conditional requests Servers use Last-Modified and ETag response headers

    to drive conditional requests mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  107. Last-Modified Generally considered a weak validator since it has a

    one-second resolution “Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC” mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  108. ETag Entity Tag is a strong validator since its value

    can be changed every time the server modifies the representation 7a9f477cde424cf93a7db20b69e05f7b680b7f08 mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  109. On ETags • Clients should be able to use ETag

    to compare representations of a resouce • An ETag is supposed to be like an object’s hash code. • Actually, some web frameworks and a lot of implementations do just that • ETag computed on an entire representation of the resource may become a performance bottleneck mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  110. Last-Modified or ETag? You can use either or both. Consider

    the types of client consuming your service. Hint: use both. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  111. Validating cached representations Clients use If-Modified-Since and If-None-Match in request

    headers for validating cached representations mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  112. If-Mod-Since & ETag def get_document(collection, object_id=None, lookup=None): response = {}

    document = find_document(collection, object_id, lookup) if document: etag = get_etag(document) header_etag = request.headers.get('If-None-Match') if header_etag and header_etag == etag: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) if_modified_since = request.headers.get('If-Modified-Since') if if_modified_since: last_modified = document[LAST_UPDATED] if last_modified <= if_modified_since: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) response[collection.rstrip('s')] = document return prep_response(response, last_modified, etag) abort(404) retrieve the document from the database mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  113. If-Mod-Since & ETag def get_document(collection, object_id=None, lookup=None): response = {}

    document = find_document(collection, object_id, lookup) if document: etag = get_etag(document) header_etag = request.headers.get('If-None-Match') if header_etag and header_etag == etag: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) if_modified_since = request.headers.get('If-Modified-Since') if if_modified_since: last_modified = document[LAST_UPDATED] if last_modified <= if_modified_since: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) response[collection.rstrip('s')] = document return prep_response(response, last_modified, etag) abort(404) compute ETag for the current representation. We test ETag first, as it is a stronger validator mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  114. If-Mod-Since & ETag def get_document(collection, object_id=None, lookup=None): response = {}

    document = find_document(collection, object_id, lookup) if document: etag = get_etag(document) header_etag = request.headers.get('If-None-Match') if header_etag and header_etag == etag: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) if_modified_since = request.headers.get('If-Modified-Since') if if_modified_since: last_modified = document[LAST_UPDATED] if last_modified <= if_modified_since: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) response[collection.rstrip('s')] = document return prep_response(response, last_modified, etag) abort(404) retrieve If-None-Match ETag from request header mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  115. If-Mod-Since & ETag def get_document(collection, object_id=None, lookup=None): response = {}

    document = find_document(collection, object_id, lookup) if document: etag = get_etag(document) header_etag = request.headers.get('If-None-Match') if header_etag and header_etag == etag: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) if_modified_since = request.headers.get('If-Modified-Since') if if_modified_since: last_modified = document[LAST_UPDATED] if last_modified <= if_modified_since: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) response[collection.rstrip('s')] = document return prep_response(response, last_modified, etag) abort(404) if client and server representations match, return a 304 Not Modified mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  116. If-Mod-Since & ETag def get_document(collection, object_id=None, lookup=None): response = {}

    document = find_document(collection, object_id, lookup) if document: etag = get_etag(document) header_etag = request.headers.get('If-None-Match') if header_etag and header_etag == etag: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) if_modified_since = request.headers.get('If-Modified-Since') if if_modified_since: last_modified = document[LAST_UPDATED] if last_modified <= if_modified_since: return prep_response(dict(), status=304) response[collection.rstrip('s')] = document return prep_response(response, last_modified, etag) abort(404) likewise, if the resource has not been modified since If-Modifed-Since, return 304 Not Modified mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  117. Concurrency control Clients use If-Unmodified-Since and If-Match in request headers

    as preconditions for concurrency control mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  118. def edit_document(collection, object_id, method): document = find_document(collection, object_id) if document:

    header_etag = request.headers.get('If-Match') if header_etag is None: return prep_response('If-Match missing from request header', status=403) if header_etag != get_etag(document[LAST_UPDATED]): # Precondition failed abort(412) else: if method in ('PATCH', 'POST'): return patch_document(collection, document) elif method == 'DELETE': return delete_document(collection, object_id) else: abort(404) Concurrency control Create/Update/Delete are controlled by ETag retrieve client’s If-Match ETag from the request header mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  119. Concurrency control Create/Update/Delete are controlled by ETag editing is forbidden

    if ETag is not provided def edit_document(collection, object_id, method): document = find_document(collection, object_id) if document: header_etag = request.headers.get('If-Match') if header_etag is None: return prep_response('If-Match missing from request header', status=403) if header_etag != get_etag(document[LAST_UPDATED]): # Precondition failed abort(412) else: if method in ('PATCH', 'POST'): return patch_document(collection, document) elif method == 'DELETE': return delete_document(collection, object_id) else: abort(404) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  120. Concurrency control Create/Update/Delete are controlled by ETag def edit_document(collection, object_id,

    method): document = find_document(collection, object_id) if document: header_etag = request.headers.get('If-Match') if header_etag is None: return prep_response('If-Match missing from request header', status=403) if header_etag != get_etag(document[LAST_UPDATED]): # Precondition failed abort(412) else: if method in ('PATCH', 'POST'): return patch_document(collection, document) elif method == 'DELETE': return delete_document(collection, object_id) else: abort(404) client and server representations don’t match. Precondition failed. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  121. Concurrency control Create/Update/Delete are controlled by ETag def edit_document(collection, object_id,

    method): document = find_document(collection, object_id) if document: header_etag = request.headers.get('If-Match') if header_etag is None: return prep_response('If-Match missing from request header', status=403) if header_etag != get_etag(document[LAST_UPDATED]): # Precondition failed abort(412) else: if method in ('PATCH', 'POST'): return patch_document(collection, document) elif method == 'DELETE': return delete_document(collection, object_id) else: abort(404) client and server representation match, go ahead with the edit mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  122. Cache & Concurrency def prep_response(dct, last_modified=None, etag=None, status=200): (...) resp.headers.add('Cache-Control',

    'max-age=%s,must-revalidate' & 30) resp.expires = time.time() + 30 if etag: resp.headers.add('ETag', etag) if last_modified: resp.headers.add('Last-Modified', date_to_str(last_modified)) return resp encodes ‘dct’ according to client’s accepted MIME Data-Type (click here see that slide) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  123. Cache & Concurrency Cache-Control, a directive for HTTP/1.1 clients (and

    later) -RFC2616 def prep_response(dct, last_modified=None, etag=None, status=200): (...) resp.headers.add('Cache-Control', 'max-age=%s,must-revalidate' & 30) resp.expires = time.time() + 30 if etag: resp.headers.add('ETag', etag) if last_modified: resp.headers.add('Last-Modified', date_to_str(last_modified)) return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  124. Cache & Concurrency Expires, a directive for HTTP/1.0 clients def

    prep_response(dct, last_modified=None, etag=None, status=200): (...) resp.headers.add('Cache-Control', 'max-age=%s,must-revalidate' & 30) resp.expires = time.time() + 30 if etag: resp.headers.add('ETag', etag) if last_modified: resp.headers.add('Last-Modified', date_to_str(last_modified)) return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  125. Cache & Concurrency ETag. Notice that we don’t compute it

    on the rendered representation, this is by design. def prep_response(dct, last_modified=None, etag=None, status=200): (...) resp.headers.add('Cache-Control', 'max-age=%s,must-revalidate' & 30) resp.expires = time.time() + 30 if etag: resp.headers.add('ETag', etag) if last_modified: resp.headers.add('Last-Modified', date_to_str(last_modified)) return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  126. Cache & Concurrency And finally, we add the Last-Modified header

    tag. def prep_response(dct, last_modified=None, etag=None, status=200): (...) resp.headers.add('Cache-Control', 'max-age=%s,must-revalidate' & 30) resp.expires = time.time() + 30 if etag: resp.headers.add('ETag', etag) if last_modified: resp.headers.add('Last-Modified', date_to_str(last_modified)) return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  127. Cache & Concurrency the response object is now complete and

    ready to be returned to the client def prep_response(dct, last_modified=None, etag=None, status=200): (...) resp.headers.add('Cache-Control', 'max-age=%s,must-revalidate' & 30) resp.expires = time.time() + 30 if etag: resp.headers.add('ETag', etag) if last_modified: resp.headers.add('Last-Modified', date_to_str(last_modified)) return resp mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  128. #5 HATEOAS “Hypertext As The Engine Of Application State” that’s

    one long ass acronym mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  129. HATEOAS in a Nutshell • clients interact entirely through hypermedia

    provided dynamically by the server • clients need no prior knowledge about how to interact with the server • clients access an application through a single well known URL (the entry point) • All future actions the clients may take are discovered within resource representations returned from the server mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  130. { "links":[ "<link rel='parent' title='home' href='http://api.example.com/' />", "<link rel='collection' title='contacts'

    href='http://api.example.com/Contacts' />", "<link rel='next' title='next page' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts?page=2' />" ], "contacts":[ { "updated":"Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC", "name":"Jon Doe", "age": 27, "etag":"7a9f477cde424cf93a7db20b69e05f7b680b7f08", "link":"<link rel='self' title='Contact' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts/ 4f46445fc88e201858000000' />", "_id":"4f46445fc88e201858000000", }, ] } Collection Representation every resource representation provides a links section with navigational info for clients mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  131. { "links":[ "<link rel='parent' title='home' href='http://api.example.com/' />", "<link rel='collection' title='contacts'

    href='http://api.example.com/Contacts' />", "<link rel='next' title='next page' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts?page=2' />" ], "contacts":[ { "updated":"Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC", "name":"Jon Doe", "age": 27, "etag":"7a9f477cde424cf93a7db20b69e05f7b680b7f08", "link":"<link rel='self' title='Contact' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts/ 4f46445fc88e201858000000' />", "_id":"4f46445fc88e201858000000", }, ] } Collection Representation the rel attribute provides the relationship between the linked resource and the one currently represented mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  132. { "links":[ "<link rel='parent' title='home' href='http://api.example.com/' />", "<link rel='collection' title='contacts'

    href='http://api.example.com/Contacts' />", "<link rel='next' title='next page' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts?page=2' />" ], "contacts":[ { "updated":"Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC", "name":"Jon Doe", "age": 27, "etag":"7a9f477cde424cf93a7db20b69e05f7b680b7f08", "link":"<link rel='self' title='Contact' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts/ 4f46445fc88e201858000000' />", "_id":"4f46445fc88e201858000000", }, ] } Collection Representation the title attribute provides a tag (or description) for the linked resource. Could be used as a caption for a client button. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  133. { "links":[ "<link rel='parent' title='home' href='http://api.example.com/' />", "<link rel='collection' title='contacts'

    href='http://api.example.com/Contacts' />", "<link rel='next' title='next page' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts?page=2' />" ], "contacts":[ { "updated":"Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC", "name":"Jon Doe", "age": 27, "etag":"7a9f477cde424cf93a7db20b69e05f7b680b7f08", "link":"<link rel='self' title='Contact' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts/ 4f46445fc88e201858000000' />", "_id":"4f46445fc88e201858000000", }, ] } Collection Representation the href attribute provides and absolute path to the resource (the “permanent identifier” per REST def.) mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  134. { "links":[ "<link rel='parent' title='home' href='http://api.example.com/' />", "<link rel='collection' title='contacts'

    href='http://api.example.com/Contacts' />", "<link rel='next' title='next page' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts?page=2' />" ], "contacts":[ { "updated":"Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC", "name":"Jon Doe", "age": 27, "etag":"7a9f477cde424cf93a7db20b69e05f7b680b7f08", "link":"<link rel='self' title='Contact' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts/ 4f46445fc88e201858000000' />", "_id":"4f46445fc88e201858000000", }, ] } Collection Representation every resource listed exposes its own link, which will allow the client to perform PATCH, DELETE etc. on the resource mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  135. { "links":[ "<link rel='parent' title='home' href='http://api.example.com/' />", "<link rel='collection' title='contacts'

    href='http://api.example.com/Contacts' />", "<link rel='next' title='next page' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts?page=2' />" ], "contacts":[ { "updated":"Wed, 06 Jun 2012 14:19:53 UTC", "name":"Jon Doe", "age": 27, "etag":"7a9f477cde424cf93a7db20b69e05f7b680b7f08", "link":"<link rel='self' title='Contact' href='http://api.example.com/Contacts/ 4f46445fc88e201858000000' />", "_id":"4f46445fc88e201858000000", }, ] } Collection Representation while we are here, notice how every resource also exposes its own etag, last-modified date. mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  136. HATEOAS The API entry point (the homepage) the API homepage

    responds to GET requests and provides links to its top level resources to the clients @app.route('/', methods=['GET']) def home(): response = {} links = [] for collection in DOMAIN.keys(): links.append("<link rel='child' title='%(name)s'" "href='%(collectionURI)s' />" % {'name': collection, 'collectionURI': collection_URI(collection)}) response['links'] = links return response mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  137. HATEOAS The API entry point (the homepage) for every collection

    of resources... @app.route('/', methods=['GET']) def home(): response = {} links = [] for collection in DOMAIN.keys(): links.append("<link rel='child' title='%(name)s'" "href='%(collectionURI)s' />" % {'name': collection, 'collectionURI': collection_URI(collection)}) response['links'] = links return response mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  138. HATEOAS The API entry point (the homepage) ... provide relation,

    title and link, or the persistent identifier @app.route('/', methods=['GET']) def home(): response = {} links = [] for collection in DOMAIN.keys(): links.append("<link rel='child' title='%(name)s'" "href='%(collectionURI)s' />" % {'name': collection, 'collectionURI': collection_URI(collection)}) response['links'] = links return response mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  139. Only complaint I have with Flask so far... Most recent

    HTTP methods not supported mercoledì 4 luglio 2012
  140. Eve is Open Source and brings at your fingertips all

    the features mentioned in this talk
  141. Web Resources • Richardson Maturity Model: steps toward the glory

    of REST by Richard Flowers • RESTful Service Best Practices by Todd Fredrich • What Exactly is RESTful Programming? StackOverflow (lots of resources) • API Anti-Patterns: How to Avoid Common REST Mistakes by Tomas Vitvar mercoledì 4 luglio 2012