the project repository • On the application server • Configuration management systems • Encrypted files or data-bags • Environment variables • Password managers
and $$$$) • KMS (Proprietary from Amazon) • Keywhiz (Open-source from Square) • Knox (Open-source from Pinterest) • Confidant (Open-source from Lyft) • Red October (Open-source from Cloudflare)
accessing secrets • Vault provides • a unified interface to any secret, • rigorous access control and • records to a detailed audit log • Highly available with certain storage backends • Active and engaged open-source community • Completed two third-party source code audits
a sealed state • Vault must be unsealed before any operation can be performed • This is done by providing 1 or more unseal keys • Typically 2 or more unseal keys are required • Unseal key holders can be any member of your organization
• What do you do? • Revoke specific leases or "vault seal" • Requires only a single operator with root privileges • Vault will have to be unsealed by a quorum of key holders
Handles cryptographic functions on data in-transit using named keys • The encrypted ciphertext is stored outside of Vault in your database, S3, etc • Natively supports key rotation • Additional Features • Sign and verify data • Generate hashes and HMACs of data • Act as a source of random bytes • Data keys for storing large objects
X.509 TLS certificates dynamically for internal services • Recommandations • Generate and store your Root CA offline with air-gapped machine • Create an intermediate CA for each region (and/or environment) • Import the intermediate CA into Vault • Vault will issue certificates from the intermediate CA
via vault.hcl (Consul as the storage backend, TLS, etc) • Recommendations • Run 2 or more Vault server instances • Have a documented process to keep all instances unsealed and practice it regularly • Use an HA backend like Consul • Use a configuration management system to deploy and maintain policies, roles, etc • Be very careful with restarting the vault server process
• vault unseal • Recommendations • Unseal key threshold of 2-5+ depending on organization size • Use Keybase and/or GPG when generating the unseal keys • Remove root token after administrator accounts and roles are setup • Practice sealing, unsealing, and key regeneration processes
• Recommendations • Store these in a separate project repository owned by SecOps • Store each role and policy definition in a separate HCL file • Develop automation to load and prevent drift • Use a configuration management system to deploy them
• vault read secret/myapp/access_token • Recommendations • Develop automation to load data and prevent drift • Think about access patterns for humans and machines • Develop policies that expose the paths needed
via runtime environment • Able to renew or replace token on a schedule (typically 1/2 of TTL) • Communicate with Vault via HTTP API for secrets • Traditional Applications • Require a vault-aware management process like consul-template, envconsul, or Nomad • Secrets are made available via environment variables • Configuration files are templated by management process
on startup via Vault API • Periodically renew their own credentials (typically 1/2 of TTL) • Revoke credentials on shutdown • Traditional Applications • Require a vault-aware management process like consul-template, envconsul, or Nomad • Database configuration files are templated by management process
like PHP... • Application configuration • Typically rely on vault-aware management processes • Accessing secrets • Access the API directly using the VAULT_TOKEN provided by the management process • Or rely on vault-aware management processes
vault token should be supplied via the app configuration // or the VAULT_TOKEN environment variable. $vaultSettings = [ 'headers' => [ 'X-Vault-Token' => getenv('VAULT_TOKEN') ] ]; $this->vault = new Vault\ServiceFactory($vaultSettings);
like Go.... • Use a go-routine to renew token on a schedule • Use a go-routine to request secrets and access database • 12-Factor Hashiapp talk by Kelsey Hightower • He is awesome. Watch it. Run it. Learn it. • Video and Repo
to a process with reasonable assurance of privacy • Vault provides "response wrapping" for almost all operations • Request a wrapped secret valid for 30 seconds • vault read -wrap-ttl=30s secret/myapp/access_token • wrapping_token: 9ac83bda-96d9-c27c-bdc9-700a3ee879ca • Unwrap the real secret within 30 seconds • vault unwrap 9ac83bda-96d9-c27c-bdc9-700a3ee879ca
are leased • Administrators can configure roles to generate "periodic" tokens • A periodic token that is renewed before it expires can live forever • Long-running services maintain vault access as long as they remain healthy
job scheduler from HashiCorp • First-class Docker support, but much more • Nomad servers fully manage Vault tokens for tasks • Nomad handles templating and service discovery via Consul • Project website https://nomadproject.io
for the "api" service job "myapp-api" { type = "service" region = "global" datacenters = ["local"] vault { policies = ["service/myapp"] } group "php-fpm" {} group "nginx" {} }
crypto to Vault and your security teams • Leases will force changes in how applications are developed and deployed • Secure introduction is hard, but worth it • Well-positioned for information security audits & certifications
take time • Involve executives, operators, developers, security personnel • Contribute to Vault and related open-source projects • Join us in the Gitter chat rooms
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![@stevenscg Secure Introduction // /etc/systemd/system/nomad.service [Service] User=root Group=root ExecStart=/opt/nomad/bin/nomad agent](https://files.speakerdeck.com/presentations/a72561e699a54b5db8e0e5973d0860c4/slide_58.jpg){kind=link}
